Regional Impacts of Climate Change and Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Forest Productivity

2000 ◽  
pp. 383-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Jenkins ◽  
David W. Kicklighter ◽  
John D. Aber
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Elevated Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Regional Impacts ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

The Threats to Food Security

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-84
Author(s):  
Gordon Conway ◽  
Ousmane Badiane ◽  
Katrin Glatzel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change ◽  
Socioeconomic Challenges

This chapter explores threats to food security. It reveals many challenges arising from a range of threats external to the farm household, including severe biological threats from pests, disease, and weeds. Moreover, healthy, fertile soils are the cornerstone of food security and rural livelihoods, but African soils are degrading. Water is just as important for the productivity of plants, and lack of water leads to chronic and acute stress. Indeed, Africa is already battling the impacts of climate change. Rising temperatures and variable rainfall are increasing the exposure of smallholders to drought, famine, and disease. Agriculture is an important emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs), not only carbon dioxide but also such powerful gases as methane and nitrous oxide. In addition, there are often severe socioeconomic challenges, including unstable and high prices of basic commodities. Finally, conflicts cause disruption to food security.

Regional impacts of climate change on agriculture and the role of adaptation.

2013 ◽  
pp. 78-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Berry ◽  
J. Ramirez-Villegas ◽  
H. Bramley ◽  
M. A. Mgonja ◽  
M Samarendu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Regional Impacts ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

scholarly journals AMF Inoculation Can Enhance Yield of Transgenic Bt Maize and Its Control Efficiency Against Mythimna separata Especially Under Elevated CO2

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Wang ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Fanqi Gao ◽  
Changning Lv ◽  
Likun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Elevated Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mythimna Separata ◽  
Bt Toxin ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Growth Development

The promotion and application of transgenic Bt crops provides an approach for the prevention and control of target lepidopteran pests and effectively relieves the environmental pressure caused by the massive usage of chemical pesticides in fields. However, studies have shown that Bt crops will face a new risk due to a decrease in exogenous toxin content under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, thus negatively affecting the ecological sustainability of Bt crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important beneficial microorganisms that can effectively improve the nutrient status of host plants and are expected to relieve the ecological risk of Bt crops under increasing CO2 due to global climate change. In this study, the Bt maize and its parental line of non-transgenic Bt maize were selected and inoculated with a species of AMF (Funneliformis caledonium, synonyms: Glomus caledonium), in order to study the secondary defensive chemicals and yield of maize, and to explore the effects of F. caledonium inoculation on the growth, development, and reproduction of the pest Mythimna separata fed on Bt maize and non-Bt maize under ambient carbon dioxide concentration (aCO2) and elevated carbon dioxide concentration (eCO2). The results showed that eCO2 increased the AM fungal colonization, maize yield, and foliar contents of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), but decreased foliar Bt toxin content and Bt gene expression in Bt maize leaves. F. caledonium inoculation increased maize yield, foliar JA, SA contents, Bt toxin contents, and Bt gene expression in Bt maize leaves, and positively improved the growth, development, reproduction, and food utilization of the M. separata fed on non-Bt maize. However, F. caledonium inoculation was unfavorable for the fitness of M. separata fed on Bt maize, and the effect was intensified when combined with eCO2. It is indicated that F. caledonium inoculation had adverse effects on the production of non-Bt maize due to the high potential risk of population occurrence of M. separata, while it was just the opposite for Bt maize. Therefore, this study confirms that the AMF can increase the yield and promote the expression levels of its endogenous (JA, SA) and exogenous (Bt toxin) secondary defense substances of Bt maize under eCO2, and finally can enhance the insect resistance capacity of Bt crops, which will help ensure the sustainable utilization and safety of Bt crops under climate change.

scholarly journals Climate change impacts on pest ecology and risks to pasture resilience

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mansfield ◽  
Colin Ferguson ◽  
Philippa Gerard ◽  
David Hodges ◽  
John Kean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Pastoral Systems ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽  
Farm System ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

It is well understood that damage by insect pests can have serious consequences for pasture resilience. However, the impacts of climate change on pastoral systems, the responses of insect pests, and implications for pest impact mitigation are unclear. This paper reviews pest responses to climate change, including direct impacts such as temperature and carbon dioxide levels, geographic range expansion, sleeper pests, and outbreaks resulting from disturbance such as drought and farm system changes. The paper concludes with a plea for transdisciplinary research into pasture resilience under climate change that has insect pests as an integral component – not as an afterthought.

Evaluation of the growth response of arid zone invasive species Salvia verbenaca cultivars to atmospheric carbon dioxide and soil moisture

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Weller ◽  
Muhammad M. Javaid ◽  
Singarayer K. Florentine
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Elevated Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
100 Seed Weight ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Although climate change is expected to affect the ecology of many weed species, the nature and scale of these responses is presently not well defined. This presages a suite of potential problems for the agricultural industries. Consequently, we investigated the effects of anticipated climate change on biomass and seed production, for two varieties of wild sage, Salvia verbenaca L. var. verbenaca and Salvia verbenaca var. vernalis Bioss. For the investigation, ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) carbon dioxide conditions, in combination with well-watered (100% field capacity) and drought conditions (60% field capacity), were selected to represent alternative climate scenarios. The alteration in biomass production was represented by a combined measurement of nine variables; plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, leaf thickness, shoot biomass, root biomass and dry leaf weight, and fecundity was measured via two variables; 100 seed weight and number of seeds per plant. All biomass measurements were reduced in a drought situation compared with well-watered conditions in ambient carbon dioxide (400 ppm), and each corresponding measurement was greater under elevated carbon dioxide (700 ppm) regardless of water treatment. In contrast, this was not observed for 100 seed weight or number of seeds per plant. Although a similar profile of a reduction in fecundity parameters was observed under drought conditions compared with well-watered conditions in ambient carbon dioxide, there was an increase in seed mass only for var. verbenaca under elevated carbon dioxide in both water treatments. In addition, there was a very small increase in the number of seeds in this species under drought conditions in elevated carbon dioxide, with neither increase in seed mass or seed number being observed in var. vernalis. These results suggest that although future climate change may result in increased competition of both these varieties with desirable plants, their management strategies will need to focus on effects of increased size of the weeds, rather than only attempting to reduce the seed bank holdings.

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