Role Of Ido Activation In Anti-Microbial Defense in Human Native Astrocytes

2003 ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Oberdörfer ◽  
Ortwin Adams ◽  
Colin R. MacKenzie ◽  
J. A. De Corline ◽  
Groot Däubener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Defense

Lung surfactant and reactive oxygen-nitrogen species: antimicrobial activity and host-pathogen interactions

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (3) ◽  
pp. L517-L523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy M. Hickman-Davis ◽  
Ferric C. Fang ◽  
Carl Nathan ◽  
Virginia L. Shepherd ◽  
Dennis R. Voelker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Microbial Defense ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Surfactant protein (SP) A and SP-D are members of the collectin superfamily. They are widely distributed within the lung, are capable of antigen recognition, and can discern self versus nonself. SPs recognize bacteria, fungi, and viruses by binding mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues on microbial cell walls. SP-A has been shown to stimulate the respiratory burst as well as nitric oxide synthase expression by alveolar macrophages. Although nitric oxide (NO·) is a well-recognized microbicidal product of macrophages, the mechanism(s) by which NO· contributes to host defense remains undefined. The purpose of this symposium was to present current research pertaining to the specific role of SPs and reactive oxygen-nitrogen species in innate immunity. The symposium focused on the mechanisms of NO·-mediated toxicity for bacterial, human, and animal models of SP-A- and NO·-mediated pathogen killing, microbial defense mechanisms against reactive oxygen-nitrogen species, specific examples and signaling pathways involved in the SP-A-mediated killing of pulmonary pathogens, the structure and binding of SP-A and SP-D to bacterial targets, and the immunoregulatory functions of SP-A.

scholarly journals Role of Kupffer Cells in Systemic Anti-Microbial Defense

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Nakashima ◽  
Masahiro Nakashima ◽  
Manabu Kinoshita ◽  
Shuhji Seki
Keyword(s):  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Portal Blood ◽  
Continuous Contact ◽  
Microbial Defense

The liver has long been recognized as important in digestion. However, the liver’s abundance of innate immune cells strongly suggests that it has specific defense mechanisms. A characteristic anatomical feature of the liver is its large blood flow. The blood flowing out from the whole alimentary tract is transported to the liver via the portal vein and distributed to peripheral structures called sinusoids. Kupffer cells, a typical example of resident macrophages, are located in sinusoids and are in continuous contact with various portal blood components. They have vigorous phagocytic activity and eliminate bacteria coming from the gut before they enter systemic circulation. Based on this framework, Kupffer cells were considered a filter for portal blood pathogens. However, recent evidence reveals that they exert crucial functions in systemic host defense against bacterial infection. To defend against various sources of bacterial pathogens, Kupffer cells construct an efficient surveillance system for systemic circulation, cooperating aggressively with other immune cells. They collaborate with non-immune cells such as hepatocytes and platelets to potentiate defense function. In conclusion, Kupffer cells coordinate immune cell activity to efficiently defend against infections, making them crucial players in systemic antibacterial immunity.

scholarly journals The Role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12743
Author(s):  
Arturo Orlacchio ◽  
Pellegrino Mazzone
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Markers ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Metastatic Potential ◽  
Signaling Cascade ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Microbial Defense ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Cancer Targeted Therapy

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy. In this review we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TLRs in PC progression, focusing on the available TLRs-targeting compounds and their possible use in PC therapy.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of affect in feelings of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

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