Diverse forms of Activity in the Somata of Spontaneous and Integrating Ganglion Cells

1993 ◽  
pp. 67-90
Author(s):  
Theodore Holmes Bullock ◽  
Carlo A. Terzuolo
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells

Relationship between golgi apparatus and axonal reticulum in sympathetic ganglion cells

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 598-599
Author(s):  
J. Quatacker ◽  
W. De Potter
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglion ◽  
Phosphotungstic Acid ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Dense Core ◽  
Dense Core Vesicles ◽  
Large Dense Core Vesicles ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Axoplasmic Reticulum

Mucopolysaccharides have been demonstrated biochemically in catecholamine-containing subcellular particles in different rat, cat and ox tissues. As catecholamine-containing granules seem to arise from the Golgi apparatus and some also from the axoplasmic reticulum we examined wether carbohydrate macromolecules could be detected in the small and large dense core vesicles and in structures related to them. To this purpose superior cervical ganglia and irises from rabbit and cat and coeliac ganglia and their axons from dog were subjected to the chromaffin reaction to show the distribution of catecholamine-containing granules. Some material was also embedded in glycolmethacrylate (GMA) and stained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at low pH for the detection of carbohydrate macromolecules.The chromaffin reaction in the perikarya reveals mainly large dense core vesicles, but in the axon hillock, the axons and the terminals, the small dense core vesicles are more prominent. In the axons the small granules are sometimes seen inside a reticular network (fig. 1).

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Morphological Observations on the Granule Types in Rabbit Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Cells.

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
Joe A. Mascorro ◽  
Robert D. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Potassium Iodate ◽  
Perfusion Fluid ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin

Extra-adrenal chromaffin organs (abdominal paraganglia) constitute rich sources of catecholamines. It is believed that these bodies contain norepinephrine exclusively. However, the present workers recently observed epinephrine type granules in para- ganglion cells. This report investigates catecholamine containing granules in rabbit paraganglia at the ultrastructural level.New Zealand white rabbits (150-170 grams) were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg Nembutal (IP) and perfused with 3% glutaraldehyde buffered with 0.2M sodium phosphate, pH 7.3. The retroperitoneal tissue blocks were removed and placed in perfusion fluid for 4 hours. The abdominal paraganglia were dissected from the blocks, diced, washed in phosphate buffer and fixed in 1% osmic acid buffered with phosphate. In other animals, the glutaraldehyde perfused tissue blocks were immersed for 1 hour in 3% glutaraldehyde/2.5% potassium iodate buffered as before. The paraganglia were then diced, separated into two vials and washed in the buffer. A portion of this tissue received osmic acid fixation.

Distribution of glycine receptor subunits on primate retinal ganglion cells: a quantitative analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4155-4170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Lin ◽  
Paul R. Martin ◽  
Samuel G. Solomon ◽  
Ulrike Grunert
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Glycine Receptor ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

Brightness In The Photopic Range: Psychophysical Modelling With Blue-sensitive Retinal Signals

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Peter Bodrogi ◽  
Xue Guo ◽  
Tran Quoc Khanh
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Spectral Radiance ◽  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Brightness Perception ◽  
Content Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cone Signal

The brightness perception of a large (41°) uniform visual field was investigated in a visual psychophysical experiment. Subjects assessed the brightness of 20 light source spectra of different chromaticities at two luminance levels, Lv=267.6 cd/m2 and Lv=24.8 cd/m2. The resulting mean subjective brightness scale values were modelled by a combination of the signals of retinal mechanisms: S-cones, rods, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and the difference of the L-cone signal and the M-cone signal. A new quantity, “relative spectral blue content”, was also considered for modelling. This quantity was defined as “the spectral radiance of the light stimulus integrated with the range (380–520) nm, relative to luminance”. The “relative spectral blue content” model could describe the subjective brightness perception of the observers with reasonable accuracy.

Calcium Signals Induced By Tonic Firing In Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyril I. Kuznetsov ◽  
Vitaliy Yu. Maslov ◽  
Svetlana A. Fedulova ◽  
Nikolai S. Veselovsky
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Calcium Signals ◽  
Tonic Firing

Calretinin Expression in Hirschsprung’s Disease – A Potential Marker of Ganglion Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Mishal Sikandar ◽  
Abdul Hannan Nagi ◽  
Komal Sikandar ◽  
Nadia Naseem ◽  
Ihtisham Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Hirschsprung's Disease ◽  
Hirschsprung’S Disease ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Potential Marker

Objective Measurement of Sustained Pupillary Constriction: A Pilot Study Using an App-Based Pupilometer

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Objective Measurement ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Pupillary Reaction ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous Systems ◽  
Pupillary Constriction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Background: The pupillary reaction is controlled by the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system, namely the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. New discoveries in pupil research has identified that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells have an impact on pupillary constriction, particularly sustained pupillary constriction. In the current paper, an objective measurement of sustained pupillary constriction versus the inability to maintain sustained pupillary constriction are observed. The variability in the sustained pupillary constriction, i.e. Alpha Omega pupil, can be objectively identified with the use of modern technology. Case Examples: Two female subjects were adapted to dim illumination, and then two objective pupil measurements of the right eye using Reflex – PLR Analyzer by BrightLamp© (Indianapolis, IN, USA) with sustained illumination were obtained. Subject 1, a 25 year-old-female, demonstrated normal ability of the pupil to constrict and sustain constriction for 10 seconds. She was used as a control for subject 2. Subject 2, a 27 year-old-female, demonstrated the inability to sustain pupillary constriction. She reported being under great psychological stress. Her pupil began to re-dilate between 2 and 3 seconds after the initial constriction. Conclusion: Objective pupillometry can be used to assist in many diagnoses and provides the clinician invaluable information on the state of the individual, and qualifications of sustained pupillary constriction can now be assessed in an objective manner.

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