Contingency tables and the chi-square test

1977 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Everitt
Keyword(s):  
Contingency Tables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

Contingency Tables and the Chi-Square Test

2009 ◽  
pp. 309-322
Author(s):  
Richard M. Heiberger ◽  
Erich Neuwirth
Keyword(s):  
Contingency Tables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

scholarly journals Factors Used to Make Appropriate Decisions in Youth Categories in Volleyball

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5633
Author(s):  
Manuel Conejero Suárez ◽  
Antônio L. P. Serenini ◽  
Jara González-Silva ◽  
M. Perla Moreno Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Contingency Tables ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Random Frequency

The study aim was to examine the associations between the category of play and the factors athletes use to make appropriate decisions. We observed 6567 game actions performed by 144 athletes. All game actions involved appropriate decisions. The study variables were factors on which appropriate decision-making is based (for five game actions in volleyball: serve, reception, setting, attack, block) and game category (Under-14, Under-16, Under-19). Our analysis—using contingency tables, the Chi-square test, and Cramer’s V—revealed a significant association between the two variables across the five actions. In the U-14 category, and sometimes in the U-16 category, it was more frequent than the expected random frequency that appropriate decisions were of low tactical complexity, focused on the performance of the skill, with an attentional focus on close elements, of low risk, and with actions of reduced difficulty and precision. For the U-19 category, it was more frequent than the expected random frequency that decisions were of greater tactical complexity, with an attentional focus on the opposing team, considering more relevant stimuli, with greater risk, and with greater time pressure. There is, therefore, a need for coaches to understand the decision-making skills of athletes from early on, as this will allow them to develop tasks and apply cognitive strategies that are adapted to the level of the athlete and that can ultimately improve decision-making further.

scholarly journals Pre-slaughtering factors related to bruises on cattle carcasses in the micro-region of Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl3) ◽  
pp. 3553
Author(s):  
Eduardo Feitosa Brito ◽  
Luciano Fernandes Sousa ◽  
Adriano Tony Ramos ◽  
Daiane Michele Frantz Sousa ◽  
Bruno Marcell Paiva Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Contingency Tables ◽  
Sex Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Journey Time ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Road Type ◽  
Using Data

The objective of the study was to evaluate the main pre-slaughter factors contributing to bruising on cattle carcasses in the micro-region of Araguaína, Tocantins. The experiment was conducted from January to June using data from 414 cattle heads of different breeds, body weight and sex. Factors related to bruises in cattle were evaluated from the farms to a federally inspected slaughterhouse in Araguaína. The independent variables were road type, journey distance (paved and mixed roads), journey time (paved and mixed roads), driver’s experience, prevalence of horns, sex class, falls during unloading, use of devices during unloading, truck maintenance conditions, presence of loose and/or protruding boards in the truck, condition of the truck floor, use of electric cattle prods during handling, presence of protruding nails and/or screws in the truck, arrangement of boards in the crowding pen, presence of broken boards in the cattle handling facility, angle of loading ramp, presence of protruding nails and/or screws in the cattle handling facility, and design and material of the cattle handling facility. The frequency of bruises was associated with the independent variables using contingency tables by the chi-square test (?2) to measure the association between variables. The variables road type, journey distance (mixed roads), journey time (mixed roads), animal behavior, falls during unloading, truck maintenance conditions, presence of loose and/or protruding boards in the truck, condition of the truck floor, arrangement of boards in the crowding pen, and presence of broken boards in the cattle handling facility had a significant effect on carcass bruising. Therefore, several pre-slaughter factors contribute to bruising on cattle carcasses.

scholarly journals Biostatistics in Clinical Decision Making What can We Get from a 2×2 Contingency Table

2021 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
Shanshan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Contingency Tables ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Duodenal Diverticula ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Relationship Of

Biostatistics is an essential part when making clinical decisions. Applications of 2×2 contingency tables playing a key role in conducting analysis involving binary variables. When it comes to analysis based on 2×2 contingency tables, most people are familiar with the concept of sensitivity and specificity for evaluating a new test, but predictive values and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves would also provide information. Besides, Odds Ratio (OR), Risk Ratio (RR), and Chi-square test are measures based on 2×2 tables and commonly applied in retrospective and prospective studies. This article will first review the two kinds of application of 2×2 contingency tables, evaluating a new test compared with a reference standard, and exploring the relationship of exposures and outcomes in retrospective or prospective studies. Two clinical examples are presented to demonstrate these basic biostatistical concepts: diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (64-MDCT) to identify periampullary duodenal diverticula, and a randomized clinical trial (RCT) to examine the effectiveness of Dexmedetomidine for prevention of delirium in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery. Correctly understanding these concepts will assist clinicians and medical researchers to analyze the data and interpret the results, and therefore make accurate decisions in clinical practice.

scholarly journals A New Test for Independence in 2×2 Contingency Tables

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (330) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Sulewski
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Contingency Tables ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Qualitative Variables ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Divergence Statistics ◽  
Power Divergence

In statistical literature there exist many tests to reveal the independence of two qualitative variables in two‑way contingency tables (CTs), in particular in 2×2 CTs. In this paper four independence tests were compared. These are: the chi‑square test, being the most popular type of power divergence statistics; the modular test and the d‑square test, which is a modification of the Pearson’s test; the logarithmic minimum test which is a new proposal. Critical values for the tests listed above were determined with the Monte Carlo method. In order to compare the tests, the measure of untruthfulness of H0 was proposed and the power of the tests was calculated. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document