Bio-inspired Optimization Algorithms for Segmentation and Removal of Interphase Cells from Metaphase Chromosomes Images

2018 ◽  
pp. 451-474
Author(s):  
Gehad Ismail Sayed ◽  
Aboul Ella Hassanien
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithms ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Interphase Cells

The effects of diazepam on mitosis and the microtubule cytoskeleton. I. Observations on the diatoms Hantzschia amphioxys and Surirella robusta

1994 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 2643-2651
Author(s):  
T.P. Spurck ◽  
J.D. Pickett-Heaps
Keyword(s):  
Time Lapse ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Central Spindle ◽  
Cell Cleavage ◽  
Spindle Poles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Live Diatoms ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
Chromosome Motion

The effects of diazepam (DZP) on mitosis and the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton in the live diatoms Hantzschia amphioxys and Surirella robusta were followed using time-lapse video microscopy. Similarly treated cells were fixed and later examined for immunoflouresence staining of MTs or for transmission electron microscopy. DZP treatment (250 microM) had no effect on interphase cells but affected mitosis, resulting in the majority of prometaphase and metaphase chromosomes releasing from one or both spindle poles and collecting irregularly along the central spindle. Chromosomes remaining attached to one pole continued to display slight prometaphase oscillations; however, this activity was never observed in metaphase spindles. Following removal of DZP, some chromosomes still bipolarly attached, immediately released elastically from one pole. Within the first 2 minutes of recovery, all chromosomes recommenced spindle attachment, exhibiting normal prometaphase oscillations and proceeded through mitosis. DZP treatment during anaphase had no detectable effect on chromosome motion or cell cleavage. These results suggest that DZP acts as an anti-MT agent, selectively affecting polar MTs at prophase, prometaphase and metaphase, and thereby weakening kinetochore connection to the poles. From these and other results (unpublished), its mode of action is different to that of most anti-MT agents.

scholarly journals Different sensitivity of chromatin to acid denaturation in quiescent and cycling cells as revealed by flow cytometry.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 478-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Darzynkiewicz ◽  
F Traganos ◽  
M Andreeff ◽  
T Sharpless ◽  
M R Melamed
Keyword(s):  
Acridine Orange ◽  
Condensed Chromatin ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Quiescent Cells ◽  
Acid Denaturation ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cell Subpopulations ◽  
G1 Cells ◽  
Dna Complex

The properties of DNA in situ as reflected by its staining with acridine orange are different in quiescent nonstimulated lymphocytes as compared with interphase lymphocytes that have entered the cell cycle after stimulation by mitogens. The difference is seen after cell treatment with buffers at pH 1.5 (1.3-1.9 range) followed by staining with acridine orange at pH 2.6 (2.3-2.9). Under these conditions the red metachromatic fluorescence of the acridine orange-DNA complex is higher in quiescent cells than in the cycling lymphocytes while the orthochromatic green fluorescence is higher in the cycling, interphase cells. The results suggest that DNA in condensed chromatin of quiescent lymphocytes (as in metaphase chromosomes) is more sensitive to acid-denaturation than DNA in dispersed chromatin of the cycling interphase cells. The phenomenon is used for flow cytometric differentiation between G0 and G1 cells and between G2 and M cells. In contrast to normal lymphocytes the method applied to neoplastic cells indicates the presence of cell subpopulations with condensed chromatin but with DNA content characteristic not only of G1 but also of S and G2 cells. The possibility that these cells represent quiescent (resting) subpopulations, arrested in G1, S and/or G2, is discussed.

scholarly journals PROPHASING OF INTERPHASE NUCLEI AND INDUCTION OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPES AROUND METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES IN HELA AND CHINESE HAMSTER HOMO- AND HETEROKARYONS

1974 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Obara ◽  
Lee S. Chai ◽  
Herbert Weinfeld ◽  
Avery A. Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Interphase Nucleus ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Binucleate Cell ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Multinucleate Cells ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
Nuclear Envelope Formation

Fusing human HeLa metaphase cells with HeLa interphase cells resulted within 30 min in either of two phenomena in the resultant binucleate cell: either prophasing of the interphase nucleus or formation of a normal-appearing nuclear envelope around the metaphase chromosomes. The frequency of either occurrence was strongly dependent on environmental pH. At pH's of 6.6–8.0, prophasing predominated; at pH 8.5 nuclear envelope formation predominated. Additionally, the frequencies of the two events in multinucleate cells depended on the metaphase/interphase ratio. When the ratio was 0.33 nuclear envelope formation predominated; when it was 2.0 prophasing predominated. In their general features, the results with fused HeLa cells resembled those reported earlier with fused Chinese hamster Don cells. However, the results provided an indication that between pH 6.6 and 8.0 the HeLa metaphase cells possessed a much greater capacity than the Don metaphase cells to induce prophasing. Fusion of Don metaphase cells with HeLa interphase cells or of Don interphase cells with HeLa metaphase cells at pH 8.0 resulted in nuclear envelope formation or prophasing in each kind of heterokaryon. As in the homokaryons, the frequencies of the two events in the heterokaryons depended on the metaphase/interphase ratio. The statistics of prophasing and nuclear envelope formation in the homo- and heterokaryon populations were consistent with the notion that disruption or formation of the nuclear envelope depends on the balance attained between disruptive and formative processes.

scholarly journals INDUCTION OF PROPHASE IN INTERPHASE NUCLEI BY FUSION WITH METAPHASE CELLS

1972 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sei-Ichi Matsui ◽  
Hiroshi Yoshida ◽  
Herbert Weinfeld ◽  
Avery A. Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Interphase Cell ◽  
Binucleate Cells ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
Nuclear Stage

Fusion of an interphase cell with a metaphase cell results in profound changes in the interphase chromatin that have been called "chromosome pulverization" or "premature chromosome condensation" In addition to the usual light microscopy, the nature of the changes has been investigated in the present study with electron microscopy and biochemical techniques Metaphase and interphase cells were mixed and fused at 37°C by means of ultraviolet-inactivated Sendai virus. After cell fusion, morphological changes in interphase nuclei occurred only in binucleate cells which contained one intact set of metaphase chromosomes Irrespective of the nuclear stage at the time of cell fusion, the morphologic changes that occurred 5–20 min later simulated very closely a sequence of events that characterizes the normal G2-prophase transition. Radioautography revealed that, late in the process, substantial amounts of RNA and probably protein were transferred from the interphase nucleus into the cytoplasm of fused cells. Thus, the findings indicate the existence in metaphase cells of factor(s) which are capable of initiating biochemical and morphological events in interphase nuclei intrinsic to the normal mitotic process.

Heterochromatin and sibling species of Simulium praelargum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Genome ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin Thapa ◽  
William Procunier ◽  
Willie Henry ◽  
Shailika Chhetri
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Somatic Tissue ◽  
Mitotic Metaphase ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphisms ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
Mitosis And Meiosis ◽  
Structural Aspects

Cytological descriptions are given for two sympatric sibling species, Simulium praelargum IIIL-st and Simulium praelargum IIIL-1.2, from Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. Sibling IIIL-1.2 differs from IIIL-st by a two step fixed included inversion (IIIL-1.2) found on the long arm of chromosome III. Both siblings possess heterochromatinized IIIS polytene chromosome ends, while IIIL-1.2 is unique within the Simuliidae in that it exhibits a very large enhanced chromocentre that persists in normal somatic tissue, contrary to other chromocentre-containing taxa. In IIIL-1.2, the chromocentre occurs as a positively allocyclic heteropycnotic body in normal mitotic interphase cells of neuroblast ganglia, oogonia, and spermatogonia. In mitotic metaphase chromosomes, the chromocentre forms large pronounced primary (centromere) constrictions and appears to be associated with nonhomologous pairing. Initial cytological studies on taxa within the feuerborni group have revealed heterochromatic chromosomal polymorphisms. Progressive fixation of these polymorphisms in different taxa within the group opens up the possibility of using comparative molecular or genomic approaches to begin to define the functional and structural aspects of the epigenome and to further characterize mitosis and meiosis in S. praelargum IIIL-1.2.

Differential subcellular localization of DNA-dependent protein kinase components Ku and DNA-PKcs during mitosis

1999 ◽  
Vol 112 (22) ◽  
pp. 4031-4039 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Koike ◽  
T. Awaji ◽  
M. Kataoka ◽  
G. Tsujimoto ◽  
T. Kartasova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Subcellular Localization ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
Ku Protein

The Ku protein is a complex of two subunits, Ku70 and Ku80. Ku plays an important role in DNA-PKcs-dependent double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination, and in growth regulation, which is DNA-PKcs-independent. We studied the expression and the subcellular localization of Ku and DNA-PKcs throughout the cell cycle in several established human cell lines. Using immunofluorescence analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we detected Ku70 and Ku80 in the nuclei in interphase cells. In mitotic cells (1) most of Ku protein was found diffused in the cytoplasm, (2) a fraction was detected at the periphery of condensed chromosomes, (3) no Ku protein was present in the chromosome interior. Association of Ku with isolated chromosomes was also observed. On the other hand, DNA-PKcs was detected in the nucleus in interphase cells and not at the periphery of condensed chromosomes during mitosis. Using indirect immunoprecipitation, we found that throughout the cell cycle, Ku70 and Ku80 were present as heterodimers, some in complex with DNA-PKcs. Our findings suggest that the localization of Ku at the periphery of metaphase chromosomes might be imperative for a novel function of Ku in the G(2)/M phase, which does not require DNA-PKcs.

scholarly journals Different sensitivity of DNA in situ in interphase and metaphase chromatin to heat denaturation.

1977 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Darzynkiewicz ◽  
F Traganos ◽  
T Sharpless ◽  
M R Melamed
Keyword(s):  
Heat Denaturation ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Dna Denaturation ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Flow Cytofluorometry ◽  
Dna Reassociation ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

Heat denaturation of DNA in situ, in unbroken cells, was studied in relation to the cell cycle. DNA in metaphase cells denatured at lower temperatures (8 degrees-10 degrees C lower) than DNA in interphase cells. Among interphase cells, small differences between G1, S, and G2 cells were observed at temperatures above 90 degrees C. The difference between metaphase and interphase cells increased after short pretreatment with formaldehyde, decreased when cells were heated in the presence of 1 mM MgCl2, and was abolished by cell pretreatment with 0.5 N HCl. The results suggest that acid-soluble constituents of chromatin confer local stability to DNA and that the degree of stabilization is lower in metaphase chromosomes than in interphase nuclei. These in situ results remain in contrast to the published data showing no difference in DNA denaturation in chromatin isolated from interphase and metaphase cells. It is likely that factors exist which influence the stability of DNA in situ are associated with the super-structural organization of chromatin in intact nuclei and which are lost during chromatin isolation and solubilization. Since DNA denaturation is assayed after cell cooling, there is also a possibility that the extent of denatured DNA may be influenced by some factors that control strand separation and DNA reassociation. The different stainability of interphase vs. metaphase cells, based on the difference in stability of DNA, offers a method for determining mitotic indices by flow cytofluorometry, and a possible new parameter for sorting cells in metaphase.

scholarly journals INDUCTION OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPES AROUND METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES AFTER FUSION WITH INTERPHASE CELLS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuro Ikeuchi ◽  
Mitsuyoshi Sanbe ◽  
Herbert Weinfeld ◽  
Avery A. Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Formation Factor ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Multinucleate Cells ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
Nuclear Envelope Formation

The process of cellular fusion induced by Sendai virus in Chinese hamster cells (Don line) afforded us the opportunity to study nuclear envelope formation around metaphase sets in the presence of interphase nuclei, when chromosome pulverization failed to occur in such multinucleate cells. Morphologically, the enveloped metaphase chromosomes resembled a normal telophase nucleus, though minor differences prompted us to call it telophase-like. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated that the membranes enveloping the chromosomes appeared to be identical with a normal nuclear envelope. The longer the cells were incubated with Colcemid before fusion, the higher was the number of cells with telophase-like nuclei and the lower the percentage of cells with pulverizations. Furthermore, the number of pulverizations bore a somewhat direct relationship to the ratio of metaphase to interphase nuclei in multinucleate cells, and the number of telophase-like nuclei was inversely proportional to this ratio. A hypothesis is advanced in which a balance between the activities of a chromosome pulverization factor and a nuclear envelope formation factor, the former in metaphase cells and the latter in interphase cells, is decisive as to the nature of morphologic events observed in virus-induced fused cells.

Some Structural Features of Metaphase Chromosomes of Mice and Men

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 190-191
Author(s):  
Godfrey C. Hoskins ◽  
Betty B. Hoskins
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Of Mice And Men ◽  
Mouse Cells ◽  
Human And Mouse

Metaphase chromosomes from human and mouse cells in vitro are isolated by micrurgy, fixed, and placed on grids for electron microscopy. Interpretations of electron micrographs by current methods indicate the following structural features.Chromosomal spindle fibrils about 200Å thick form fascicles about 600Å thick, wrapped by dense spiraling fibrils (DSF) less than 100Å thick as they near the kinomere. Such a fascicle joins the future daughter kinomere of each metaphase chromatid with those of adjacent non-homologous chromatids to either side. Thus, four fascicles (SF, 1-4) attach to each metaphase kinomere (K). It is thought that fascicles extend from the kinomere poleward, fray out to let chromosomal fibrils act as traction fibrils against polar fibrils, then regroup to join the adjacent kinomere.

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