Steganalysis of adaptive multirate (AMR) speech is a significant research topic for preventing cybercrimes based on steganography in mobile speech services. Differing from the state-of-the-art works, this paper focuses on steganalysis of AMR speech with unknown embedding rate, where we present three schemes based on support-vector-machine to address the concern. The first two schemes evolve from the existing image steganalysis schemes, which adopt different global classifiers. One is trained on a comprehensive speech sample set including original samples and steganographic samples with various embedding rates, while the other is trained on a particular speech sample set containing original samples and steganographic samples with uniform distributions of embedded information. Further, we present a hybrid steganalysis scheme, which employs Dempster–Shafer theory (DST) to fuse all the evidence from multiple specific classifiers and provide a synthesized detection result. All the steganalysis schemes are evaluated using the well-selected feature set based on statistical characteristics of pulse pairs and compared with the optimal steganalysis that adopts specialized classifiers for corresponding embedding rates. The experimental results demonstrate that all the three steganalysis schemes are feasible and effective for detecting the existing steganographic methods with unknown embedding rates in AMR speech streams, while the DST-based scheme outperforms the others overall.
Misbehavior Detection Based on Support Vector Machine and Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence in VANETs
