Energy Cost of Transport in Overground Walking of a Transfemoral Amputee Following One Month of Robot-Mediated Training

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the published prediction equations for determining level overground walking energy cost in young adults. Methods: In total, 148 healthy young adults volunteered to participate in this study. Resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure variables at speeds of 4, 5, and 6 km/h were measured by indirect calorimetry, walking energy expenditure was estimated by 3 published equations. Results: The gross and net metabolic rate per mile of level overground walking increased with increased speed (all P < .01). Females were less economical than males. The present findings revealed that the American College of Sports Medicine and Pandolf et al equations significantly underestimated the energy cost of overground walking at all speeds (all P < .01) in young adults. The percentage mean bias for American College of Sports Medicine, Pandolf et al, and Weyand et al was 12.4%, 16.8%, 1.4% (4 km/h); 21.6%, 15.8%, 7.1% (5 km/h); and 27.6%, 12%, 6.6% (6 km/h). Bland–Altman plots and prediction error analysis showed that the Weyand et al was the most accurate in 3 existing equations. Conclusions: The Weyand et al equation appears to be the most suitable for the prediction of overground walking energy expenditure in young adults.

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Effects of Lower Limb Length and Body Proportions on the Energy Cost of Overground Walking in Older Persons

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/318204 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Federica Vannetti ◽

Guido Pasquini ◽

Nicola Vitiello ◽

Raffaele Molino-Lova

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Older Persons ◽

Rehabilitation Program ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Limb Length ◽

Net Energy ◽

Body Proportions ◽

Overground Walking ◽

Direct Calorimetry

Background. Although walking has been extensively investigated in its biomechanical and physiological aspects, little is known on whether lower limb length and body proportions affect the energy cost of overground walking in older persons.Methods. We enrolled 50 men and 12 women aged 65 years and over, mean 69.1 ± SD 5.4, who at the end of their cardiac rehabilitation program performed the six-minute walk test while wearing a portable device for direct calorimetry and who walked a distance comparable to that of nondisabled community-dwelling older persons.Results. In the multivariable regression model (F= 12.75,P<0.001, adjustedR2=0.278) the energy cost of overground walking, expressed as the net energy expenditure, in kg−1 sec−1, needed to provide own body mass with 1 joule kinetic energy, was inversely related to lower limb length and directly related to lower limb length to height ratio (β±SEβ=-3.72*10-3±0.74*10-3,P<0.001, and6.61*10-3±2.14*10-3,P=0.003, resp.). Ancillary analyses also showed that, altogether, 1 cm increase in lower limb length reduced the energy cost of overground walking by 2.57% (95%CI 2.35–2.79).Conclusions. Lower limb length and body proportions actually affect the energy cost of overground walking in older persons.

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Individual Leg Muscle Contributions to the Cost of Walking: Effects of Age and Walking Speed

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.2015-0232 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 295-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Patricio A. Pincheira ◽

Lauri Stenroth ◽

Janne Avela ◽

Neil J. Cronin

Keyword(s):

Energy Cost ◽

Young Group ◽

Energetic Cost ◽

Elderly Subjects ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Cost Of Transport ◽

Leg Muscles ◽

Lower Limb Muscles ◽

Walking Speeds ◽

The Cost

This study examined the contributions of individual muscles to changes in energetic cost of transport (COT) over seven walking speeds, and compared results between healthy young and elderly subjects. Twenty six participants (13 young aged 18–30; 13 old aged 70–80) were recruited. COT (O2/kg body mass/km) was calculated by standardizing the mean oxygen consumption recorded during steady state walking. Electromyography signals from 10 leg muscles were used to calculate the cumulative activity required to traverse a unit of distance (CMAPD) for each muscle at each speed. In the old group CMAPD was correlated with COT, presented higher and more variable values, and showed greater increases around optimal speed for all studied muscles. Soleus CMAPD was independent of speed in the young group, but this was not evident with aging. Greater energy cost of walking in older individuals seems to be attributable to increased energy cost of all lower limb muscles.

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Rehabilitation robotic unloading system: Effects of unloading on electromyography and energy cost during overground walking in able-bodied individuals

2017 International Symposium on Wearable Robotics and Rehabilitation (WeRob) ◽

10.1109/werob.2017.8383852 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Taimoor Afzal ◽

Sammy Saqer ◽

Mohammad Zamani ◽

Gerard Francisco ◽

Shuo-Hsiu Chang

Keyword(s):

Energy Cost ◽

Overground Walking ◽

Rehabilitation Robotic

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Estimates of the Energy Cost of Rifle Carriage in Biathlon Ski Skating

International Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/ijsb.3.4.392 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 392-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Edward C. Frederick

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Energy ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Center Of Mass ◽

Trunk Flexion ◽

Cost Of Transport ◽

New Techniques ◽

Additional Weight ◽

Minor Part ◽

A Minor ◽

Flexion And Extension

Elite biathletes now ski using skating techniques in place of the more traditional diagonal stride. Because of the more extreme flexion and extension of the trunk with these new techniques, it has become necessary to reevaluate the method of rifle carriage. This paper describes a model which evaluates the incremental mechanical power required to move the additional weight of the rifle through defined angular flexions and extensions of the trunk. By combining this model with actual observations of typical kinematics of trunk flexion, we can generate realistic estimates of the energy cost of rifle carriage. This approach is also used to evaluate the energy consequences of reduced rifle mass and of different rifle carriage strategies while moving with ski skating techniques. These results show that rotational kinetic energy changes are a minor part of the overall energy cost of rifle carriage, and that changes in the horizontal velocity of the rifle are the greatest source of increased cost of transport. The largest reductions in this cost, however, would come from reducing rifle mass because both potential and kinetic energies are affected. Additional but secondary reductions can be obtained by placing the rifle center of mass opposite the lumbosacral joint, thereby reducing horizontal and vertical excursions of the rifle.

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Burrowing dynamics and energy cost of transport in the soft-bodied marine invertebratesPolyphysia crassaandPriapulus caudatus

Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02533.x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 218 (2) ◽

pp. 209-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R. DOUGLAS HUNTER ◽

H. Y. ELDER

Keyword(s):

Energy Cost ◽

Cost Of Transport

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Effect of medial thighplasty on oxygen and metabolic consumption rates in a transfemoral amputee during sustained overground walking bouts

2017 International Symposium on Wearable Robotics and Rehabilitation (WeRob) ◽

10.1109/werob.2017.8383837 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jamie R. Kunnappally ◽

Nicholas P. Fey

Keyword(s):

Overground Walking ◽

Transfemoral Amputee ◽

Consumption Rates

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Real World, Real People: Can We Assess Walking on a Treadmill to Establish Step Count Recommendations in Adolescents?

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2018-0213 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 488-494

Author(s):

Mhairi J. MacDonald ◽

Samantha G. Fawkner ◽

Ailsa G. Niven ◽

David Rowe

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Step Count ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Overground Walking ◽

Metabolic Equivalent ◽

Fast Walking ◽

Walking Activity

Background: Currently, it is not known how much walking should be advocated for good health in an adolescent population. Step count recommendations for minimum time in moderate-intensity activity have been translated predominantly from treadmill walking. Purpose: To compare the energy cost of walking on a treadmill with overground walking in adolescent girls. Methods: A total of 26 adolescent girls undertook resting metabolic measurements for individual determination of 1 metabolic equivalent using indirect calorimetry. Energy expenditure was subsequently assessed during treadmill and overground walking at slow, moderate, and fast walking speeds for 4 to 6 minutes. Treadmill step rates were matched overground using a metronome. Results: The energy cost of treadmill walking was found to be significantly greater than and not equivalent to overground walking at 133 steps per minute; (equivalent to the fast walking pace): 3.90 (2.78–5.01), P < .001, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 18.18%, and metabolic equivalent 0.77 (0.54–1.00), P < .001, MAPE = 18.16%. The oxygen cost per step ( mL·step−1) was significantly greater and not equivalent on the treadmill at 120 and 133 steps per minute: 0.43 (0.12–0.56), P < .05, MAPE = 10.12% versus 1.40 (1.01–1.76), P < .001, MAPE = 17.64%, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a difference in energy cost per step of walking on a treadmill and overground at the same step rate. This should be considered when utilizing the treadmill in energy expenditure studies. Studies which aim to provide step recommendations should focus on overground walking where most walking activity is adopted.

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Speed training with body weight unloading improves walking energy cost and maximal speed in 75- to 85-year-old healthy women

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00399.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 103 (5) ◽

pp. 1598-1603 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Elju E. Thomas ◽

Giuseppe De Vito ◽

Andrea Macaluso

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Older Women ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Walking Speed ◽

Interval Training ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Overground Walking ◽

Mechanical Power Output ◽

Walking Energy Cost

This randomized controlled study was designed to prove the hypothesis that a novel approach to high-speed interval training, based on walking on a treadmill with the use of body weight unloading (BWU), would have improved energy cost and speed of overground walking in healthy older women. Participants were randomly assigned to either the exercise group ( n = 11, 79.6 ± 3.7 yr, mean ± SD) or the nonintervention control group ( n = 11, 77.6 ± 2.3 yr). During the first 6 wk, the exercise group performed walking interval training on the treadmill with 40% BWU at the maximal walking speed corresponding to an intensity close to heart rate at ventilatory threshold (Tvent walking speed). Each session consisted of four sets of 5 min of walking (three 1-min periods at Tvent walking speed, with two 1-min intervals at comfortable walking speed in between each period at Tvent walking speed) with 1-min interval between each set. Speed was increased session by session until the end of week 6. BWU was then progressively reduced to 10% during the last 6 wk of intervention. After 12 wk, the walking energy cost per unit of distance at all self-selected overground walking speeds (slow, comfortable, and fast) was significantly reduced in the range from 18 to 21%. The exercise group showed a 13% increase in maximal walking speed and a 67% increase in mechanical power output at Tvent after the training program. The novel “overspeed” training approach has been demonstrated to be effective in improving energy cost and speed of overground walking in healthy older women.

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