The Transformation of Green Rusts on the Surface of Portland Cement Hydration Materials

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is widely used building material, and its hydration products can be recycling as low-cost absorbents. The loading of iron oxide is helpful to further improve their adsorption performance. In view of the fact that green rusts are frequently occurrence intermediate products in the co-precipitation of iron salt and prone to be oxidized into stable iron minerals. This study simulated co-precipitation to carry out iron-modification on hydration OPC. The results demonstrate that as the carrier materials, hydration OPC behaves excellent affinity with green rusts. Under the conditions of high temperature (70 oC) and high alklinity (pH=11), green rusts mainly transformed into feroxydrate, and a minor part are into magnetite. The enrichment and transformation of green rust can be regarded as an efficient approach for immobilization of iron oxide (oxyhydroxide).

The Word “Woman” in Pre-Modern Arabic Lexicons

In all languages, lexicons constitute a valuable source of information on femininities and women. This assertion is enhanced in the case of pre-modern Arabic lexicography, due to the diversity of its contents. However, the picture of women in lexicons has always received more attention in the field of lexicography in Western languages than in Arabic. This paper aims to fill a minor part of this noteworthy gap, by shedding light on all semantical, lexical, and orthographic elements which concern the word “woman” (imraʾa/al-marʾa) in pre-modern Arabic lexicons, more specifically, under the root m-r-ʾ.

The Lyrical Mode of Translating

The translator has a minor part in Woolf’s fiction, but recurs throughout her novels, from Ridley (The Voyage Out) to Dodge (Between the Acts). Similarly, essays, reviews, and letters show her cross-cultural and trans-historic thinking via Greek, French, and Russian translations. She helped define Hogarth Press’s energetic commissions of translations and engaged in translations and co-translations herself. All these translational transactions share a vivid sense of the alluring sounds, cadences, and scripts of words spoken ‘foreignly’, heard across temporal, geographical or atmospheric boundaries. Translating invokes an intensely dialogic, sensuous encounter with the materiality of language-forms experienced as an almost musical performance, lifting words from the page and voicing them. This chapter explores the cultural and political resonances of Woolf’s translator as a ‘Wandering Anon’, ‘a simple singer, lifting a song or a story from other people’s lips, in the uncouth jargon of their native tongue’ (‘Anon’).

High Efficiency Spam Filtering: A Manifold Learning-Based Approach

Spam filtering, which refers to detecting unsolicited, unwanted, and virus-infested emails, is a significant problem because spam emails lead to unnecessary costs of Internet resources, waste of people’s time, and even loss of property. Support vector machine (SVM) is the state-of-the-art method for high accuracy spam filtering. However, SVM incurs high time complexity because of the high dimensionality of the emails. In this study, we propose a manifold learning-based approach for time-efficient spam filtering. From the experiments that most of the features are not decisive, we can obtain the viewpoint that only a minor part of the spam emails can be detected using the nondecisive features. Based on the insight, we propose to employ the Laplace feature map algorithm to obtain the geometrical information from the email text datasets and extract the decisive features. Then, the extracted features are used as the input of SVM to spam filtering. We conduct extensive experiments on three datasets, and the evaluation results indicate the high accuracy time efficiency of our proposed algorithm.

Victims’ Rights Looking Good on Paper — How Criminal Prosecution in Germany Fails Victims of Sexual Violence

Whether in Germany or abroad, victims of sexual violence typically played only a minor part in criminal proceedings, serving primarily as witnesses due to the widespread public and objective nature of the trial.1 This led to victim disempowerment and a paternalistic method of State protection of victims.2 During the last decades, this perception underwent major changes in European legal systems, owing to a rising awareness of victim’s needs, especially in cases of sexual violence.3 International and European conventions and treaties played a major role4 by establishing an international regulatory framework. To implement those international standards, domestic criminal laws have changed significantly on both substantive and procedural levels. Today, Germany’s criminal procedure law contains many mechanisms for protecting victims. Nevertheless, in cases of sexual violence, the implementation of these mechanisms in criminal proceedings leaves much to desire due to the affect of gender stereotypes and rape myths. This Article argues that in these cases the law in action ultimately fails to meet international requirements.

Different types of COVID-19 misinformation have different emotional valence on Twitter

The spreading of COVID-19 misinformation on social media could have severe consequences on people's behavior. In this paper, we investigated the emotional expression of misinformation related to the COVID-19 crisis on Twitter and whether emotional valence differed depending on the type of misinformation. We collected 17,463,220 English tweets with 76 COVID-19-related hashtags for March 2020. Using Google Fact Check Explorer API we identified 226 unique COVID-19 false stories for March 2020. These were clustered into six types of misinformation (cures, virus, vaccine, politics, conspiracy theories, and other). Applying the 226 classifiers to the Twitter sample we identified 690,004 tweets. Instead of running the sentiment on all tweets we manually coded a random subset of 100 tweets for each classifier to increase the validity, reducing the dataset to 2,097 tweets. We found that only a minor part of the entire dataset was related to misinformation. Also, misinformation in general does not lean towards a certain emotional valence. However, looking at comparisons of emotional valence for different types of misinformation uncovered that misinformation related to “virus” and “conspiracy” had a more negative valence than “cures,” “vaccine,” “politics,” and “other.” Knowing from existing studies that negative misinformation spreads faster, this demonstrates that filtering for misinformation type is fruitful and indicates that a focus on “virus” and “conspiracy” could be one strategy in combating misinformation. As emotional contexts affect misinformation spreading, the knowledge about emotional valence for different types of misinformation will help to better understand the spreading and consequences of misinformation.

The automated writing assistance landscape in 2021

Automated writing assistance – a category that encompasses a variety of computer-based tools that help with writing – has been around in one form or another for 60 years, although it’s always been a relatively minor part of the NLP landscape. But the category has been given a substantial boost from recent advances in deep learning. We review some history, look at where things stand today, and consider where things might be going.

Deregulation, Regulatory Convergence, or Escaping from Inefficiency?

This chapter focuses on the rationale and objectives of financial deregulation in Italy from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Deregulation appears as a complex adjustment process to major changes, within the domestic economy and in the international environment, more than the result of a clear-cut plan. In fact, Italy had to cope with difficulties in the manufacturing sector, an exogenous, anti-inflationary, change in monetary policies and a new European legal framework. Her adjustment process largely depended upon the ability of the Bank of Italy, the central bank, to provide sounding analyses and promote reforms in accordance with the emerging European regulatory framework. In the long regulatory cycle started in the mid-1970s the Bank of Italy acted as the main actor, whilst lawmakers had a minor part until 1990, when a new banking law eventually abolished the Banking Law of 1936 catching up with the second European Banking Directive.

Thermophilic Chloroflexi Dominate in the Microbial Community Associated with Coal-Fire Gas Vents in the Kuznetsk Coal Basin, Russia

Thermal ecosystems associated with areas of underground burning coal seams are rare and poorly understood in comparison with geothermal objects. We studied the microbial communities associated with gas vents from the coal-fire in the mining wastes in the Kemerovo region of the Russian Federation. The temperature of the ground heated by the hot coal gases and steam coming out to the surface was 58 °C. Analysis of the composition of microbial communities revealed the dominance of Ktedonobacteria (the phylum Chloroflexi), known to be capable of oxidizing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Thermophilic hydrogenotrophic Firmicutes constituted a minor part of the community. Among the well-known thermophiles, members of the phyla Aquificae, Deinococcus-Thermus and Bacteroidetes were also found. In the upper ground layer, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, as well as Proteobacteria of the alpha and gamma classes, typical of soils, were detected; their relative abundancies decreased with depth. The phylum Verrucomicrobia was dominated by Candidatus Udaeobacter, aerobic heterotrophs capable of generating energy through the oxidation of hydrogen present in the atmosphere in trace amounts. Archaea made up a small part of the communities and were represented by thermophilic ammonium-oxidizers. Overall, the community was dominated by bacteria, whose cultivated relatives are able to obtain energy through the oxidation of the main components of coal gases, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, under aerobic conditions.

Influence of Dispersive Long-range Interactions on Properties of Vapour–liquid Equilibria and Interfaces of Binary Lennard-Jones Mixtures

Liquid lubricants play an important role in contact processes; for example, they reduce friction and cool the contact zone. To gain better understanding of the influence of lubrication on the nanoscale, both dry and lubricated scratching processes in a model system are compared in the present work using molecular dynamics simulations. The entire range between total dewetting and total wetting is investigated by tuning the solid–fluid interaction energy. The investigated scratching process consists of three sequential movements: A cylindrical indenter penetrates an initially flat substrate, then scratches in the lateral direction, and is finally retracted out of the contact with the substrate. The indenter is fully submersed in the fluid in the lubricated cases. The substrate, the indenter, and the fluid are described by suitably parametrized Lennard–Jones model potentials. The presence of the lubricant is found to have a significant influence on the friction and on the energy balance of the process. The thermodynamic properties of the lubricant are evaluated in detail. A correlation of the simulation results for the profiles of the temperature, density, and pressure of the fluid in the vicinity of the chip is developed. The work done by the indenter is found to mainly dissipate and thereby heat up the substrate and eventually the fluid. Only a minor part of the work causes plastic deformation of the substrate.