scholarly journals Evaluation of Formative Measurement Models

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-113
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Hair ◽  
G. Tomas M. Hult ◽  
Christian M. Ringle ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Nicholas P. Danks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Reputation ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Reputation Model ◽  
Key Steps

AbstractPLS-SEM is the preferred approach when formatively specified constructs are included in the PLS path model. In this chapter, we discuss the key steps for evaluating formative measurement models. These include the assessment of (1) convergent validity, (2) indicator collinearity, and (3) statistical significance and relevance of the indicator weights. We introduce key criteria and their thresholds and illustrate their use with an extended version of the corporate reputation model estimated with SEMinR.

scholarly journals Mediation Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-153
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Hair ◽  
G. Tomas M. Hult ◽  
Christian M. Ringle ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Nicholas P. Danks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Corporate Reputation ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Effect Relationship ◽  
Mediator Analysis ◽  
Reputation Model

AbstractMediation occurs when a third variable, referred to as a mediator construct, intervenes between two other directly related constructs. More precisely, a change in the exogenous construct results in a change of the mediator construct, which in turn changes the endogenous construct. The mediator analysis evaluates the factors related to the cause–effect relationship between an exogenous construct and an endogenous construct. In the simplest form, the analysis considers only one mediator construct, but the path model can also include multiple mediating constructs simultaneously, as well as moderated mediation. We illustrate mediation analysis in PLS-SEM by using the SEMinR package and the corporate reputation model as an example.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Reflective Measurement Models

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Hair ◽  
G. Tomas M. Hult ◽  
Christian M. Ringle ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Nicholas P. Danks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Reflective Measurement ◽  
Composite Reliability

AbstractThe goal of reflective measurement model assessment is to ensure the reliability and validity of the construct measures and therefore provides support for the suitability of their inclusion in the path model. This chapter introduces the key criteria that are relevant in reflective measurement model assessment: indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha, reliability coefficient rhoA, and composite reliability rhoC), convergent validity, and discriminant validity. We illustrate their use by means of the SEMinR package and a well-known model on corporate reputation.

FACT-2 – The Frankfurt Adaptive Concentration Test

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Goldhammer ◽  
Helfried Moosbrugger ◽  
Sabine A. Krawietz
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Cognitive Failures ◽  
Concentration Test ◽  
Cognitive Failures Questionnaire

The Frankfurt Adaptive Concentration Test (FACT-2) requires discrimination between geometric target and nontarget items as quickly and accurately as possible. Three forms of the FACT-2 were constructed, namely FACT-I, FACT-S, and FACT-SR. The aim of the present study was to investigate the convergent validity of the FACT-SR with self-reported cognitive failures. The FACT-SR and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) were completed by 191 participants. The measurement models confirmed the concentration performance, concentration accuracy, and concentration homogeneity dimensions of FACT-SR. The four dimensions of the CFQ (i.e., memory, distractibility, blunders, and names) were not confirmed. The results showed moderate convergent validity of concentration performance, concentration accuracy, and concentration homogeneity with two CFQ dimensions, namely memory and distractibility/blunders.

scholarly journals Deployment and Dynamics of a Biofeedback System for Anxiety Awareness during Online Examination Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
Hippokratis Apostolidis ◽  
Georgia Papantoniou ◽  
Thrasyvoulos Tsiatsos
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Biofeedback System ◽  
Online Examination ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Biofeedback Device

The presented paper examines the deployment of a cost-effective biofeedback system that provides anxiety awareness during online examination activities. Human anxiety is classified by evaluating biosignals related to skin conductance, skin temperature, and heart rate. The first aim of this study is to check the presented system performance. Thus, we test the convergent validity of the system regarding self-report measures of anxiety. Moreover, the system is validated against a commercial tool of anxiety detection. Fifteen (15) postgraduate students took part in the relevant psychometric test. The convergent validity of the system is found to be satisfactory. The second aim of this study is to identify the participant’s personality dimensions according to Technology Readiness Index (TRI) which affects their academic performance and their real-time anxiety, as provided by the biofeedback device, during academic examinations. Thirty-five (35) postgraduate students, who were taking examinations in the form of synchronous online tests in the classroom for one of their lessons, took part in this stage of the research. The examined relationships are presented via a path model showing mainly that insecurity causes academic performance to decline, which in turn has a significant negative effect with increasing anxiety.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE FACTORS CAUSING PROJECT COMPLETION DELAYS IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR OF OMAN USING SEM-PLS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 900-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Suleiman Al Maktoumi ◽  
Firdouse Rahman Khan ◽  
Ahmed Rashid Suwied Al Maktoumi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Project Completion ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Process Allocation

Purpose: The objectives of the study were to investigate the causes of the delays to analyze the factors causing the construction delay in Oman and to investigate the effects of such delays. Design/methodology/approach: To carry out this study 210 samples were collected through a well-defined questionnaire from the construction stakeholders viz. the consultants, contractors, and the clients who were selected on a random sampling basis. Smart PLS for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the data to obtain the formative measurement models, the structured model, and the goodness of fit. Findings: The results of the study reveal that the client-related factors, equipment-related factors, and material related factors have a significant impact on the completion delay in construction projects. The findings of the study also revealed that the Client related factors were – Delay in providing services, Delayed decision-making process, Allocation of insufficient time. Equipment related factors were – Existing low productive equipment, Unskillful Equipment operator, Breakdown of equipment and Outdated equipment; Material related factors were – Delay in supply of raw materials, Non-availability of materials, Change of materials during construction, Non-availability of accessories and Damaged materials. Research limitations/Implications: The present study covers the stakeholders of the construction projects from selected regions only. The future studies can be extended to other projects and other regions as well. Social implications: The study suggested that the clients’ cooperation especially in providing the contractors with the necessary equipment, facilities, and sufficient time will avoid such delays of the construction projects in Oman. Originality/Value: Only very few have examined the completion delay of the construction projects in Oman using SEM-PLS and it is a first-hand study of its kind and the results will be useful to the stakeholders.

A Path Model of School Violence Perpetration: Introducing Online Game Addiction as a New Risk Factor

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (21) ◽  
pp. 3205-3225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Yop Kim ◽  
Jeen Suk Lee ◽  
Sehun Oh
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
School Violence ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Online Games ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Online Game ◽  
Game Addiction ◽  
Violence Perpetration

Drawing on the cognitive information–processing model of aggression and the general aggression model, we explored why adolescents become addicted to online games and how their immersion in online games affects school violence perpetration (SVP). For this purpose, we conducted statistical analyses on 1,775 elementary and middle school students who resided in northern districts of Seoul, South Korea. The results validated the proposed structural equation model and confirmed the statistical significance of the structural paths from the variables; that is, the paths from child abuse and self-esteem to SVP were significant. The levels of self-esteem and child abuse victimization affected SVP, and this effect was mediated by online game addiction (OGA). Furthermore, a multigroup path analysis showed significant gender differences in the path coefficients of the proposed model, indicating that gender exerted differential effects on adolescents’ OGA and SVP. Based on these results, prevention and intervention methods to curb violence in schools have been proposed.

Rethinking balanced scorecard (BSC) measures: formative versus reflective measurement models

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungbum Park ◽  
Heeseok Lee ◽  
Seong Wook Chae
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Formative Indicators

Purpose Most empirical balanced scorecard (BSC) studies have shown a tendency to wrongly employ reflective indicators instead of the more theoretically suitable formative indicators. However, formative indicators are difficult to apply due to the lack of statistical software support and a standardized model testing method. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study empirically compares the reflective and formative measurement method with standardized model comparison criteria. After collecting 217 valid questionnaires from companies in South Korea, the authors applied a structural equation modeling technique to analyze the data. Findings The result shows that the formative measure provides greater validity for the corporate performance measurement using BSC. Further, this study shows the indicators’ relative influence on each BSC perspectives using the formative measure. Practical implications This study proved the usefulness of the formative measure analysis method and suggested its practical use, focusing on the indicators most useful in developing corporate strategies. In addition, the authors showed that formative indicators could be used in the corporate environment by overcoming the limitations of conventional studies that were confined to causal relationships with latent variables. Originality/value This study may be the pioneering work that compares formative and reflective indicators simultaneously, addressing the usefulness of formative measurement and its application validity in the existing empirical studies using reflective measurements.

Influence of privacy and communication factors on online behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Ines Brusch ◽  
Michael Brusch
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Online Behavior ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measurement Models

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to answer the question how important are privacy and communication and self-expression needs in social networks on the internet, especially in the case of uploading photos. Therefore, the existing privacy calculus model of Dinev and Hart (2006) will be enlarged with new constructs and checked for validation. Design/methodology/approach For the application and verification of the proposed research model, an online survey was carried out. Within the data analysis phase, several methods, for example, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, have been integrated, and the most important measures (e.g. Cronbach’s alpha and fit indices) have been calculated. This allows the existence of the requirements for important quality criteria for measurement models, for example, reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity and model fit, to be checked. Findings The results confirm the fit of the proposed research model. The needs of all quality criteria are fulfilled. This indicates that the proposed research model helps to investigate the influence of privacy and communication factors on online behavior. In addition, the results show that the willingness to provide images on the internet is highly influenced by communication and self-presentation needs and the internet trust also has an influence on the willingness to provide images on the internet. Originality/value This paper is the first, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, which considers privacy concerns and communication needs when analyzing the behavior of users of social network services, exemplarily for the case of uploading photos. This will give the growing research field of online services a new tool to properly take these important factors into account.

scholarly journals Consumer Nostalgia Literature Review and an Alternative Measurement Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justina Gineikienė
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
Alternative Measurement ◽  
Measurement Approach

During the last two decades consumer nostalgia literature has experienced the growing amount of research, nonetheless, the nomological network in the area is still poorly established and fundamental questions of generalizability and measurement of nostalgia effects remain unanswered. This paper represents an attempt to comprehensively assess extant research in consumer nostalgia field, distinguish developments in the literature by summarizing the main findings of previous research and establishing theoretical trends. The analysis reveals that a number of demographic, social and psychological nostalgia antecedents, moderators and outcomes remain at the propositions level or lack the accumulated empirical quantitative support and validation from other studies. Therefore, specific recommendations regarding the development of nostalgia nomological network are provided to aid the continued theoretical and methodological improvements in the area. Since 1991 research in nostalgia has assumed that the correct measurement approach is a reflective one. This paper offers an alternative perspective for viewing and operationalizing nostalgia construct as a formative construct. Guidelines are summarized that aim to assist researchers with decision rules on whether to employ formative or reflective nostalgia measurement for future research. One of the main contributions of this study is to show the need for researchers to explicitly justify their choice of reflective or formative measurement models by supporting it with theoretical arguments and empirical evidence.

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