Water–Food–Energy Nexus in the Context of Climate Change: Developing a Water Security Index for Water Resource Management in Vietnam

The current world population of 7.6 billion is expected to reach 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 210, with roughly 83 million people being added every year. The upward trend in population size along with an improved quality of life are expected to continue, and with them the demand for water. Available water for human consumption and development remains virtually the same. Additional to the different pressures of the demand side on the available resources (offer side), climate variability and change apply further pressures to the management of the resource. Additional to the increase in evaporation due to temperature rise, climate change is responsible for more frequent and intense water related extreme events, such as floods and droughts. Anthropogenic activities often result in the contamination of the few pristine water resources and exacerbate the effects of climate change. Furthermore, they are responsible for altering the state of the environment and minimizing the ecosystem services provided. Thus, the water security of countries is compromised posing harder challenges to poor countries to address it. This compromise is taking place in a complex context of scarce and shared resources. Across the world, 153 countries share rivers, lakes and aquifers, home to 40% of the world’s current population. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the scientific arm of the United Nations and its International Hydrological Programme (IHP) is the main vehicle for work in water sciences at an intergovernmental level. IHP VIII, IHP’s medium term strategy, aims to assist UNESCO’s Member States (MS) in achieving water security by mobilizing international cooperation to improve knowledge and innovation, strengthening the science-policy interface, and facilitating education and capacity development in order to enhance water resource management and governance. Furthermore, the organization has established an Urban Water Management Programme (UWMP) aiming at promoting sustainable water resource management in urban areas.

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Water-Resource Management in Mexico Under Climate Change

Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-12194-9_13 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 215-243

Author(s):

R. T. Montes-Rojas ◽

J. E. Ospina-Noreña ◽

C. Gay-García ◽

C. Rueda-Abad ◽

I. Navarro-González

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Resource Management ◽

Water Resource ◽

Water Resource Management

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Climate Change Impacts and Water Resource Management and Planning

Sustainable Water Resources Planning and Management Under Climate Change ◽

10.1007/978-981-10-2051-3_11 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 283-295

Author(s):

Elpida Kolokytha ◽

Carlos de Oliveira Galvão ◽

Ramesh S. V. Teegavarapu

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Resource Management ◽

Water Resource ◽

Water Resource Management ◽

Climate Change Impacts

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Applications of Bayesian Networks as Decision Support Tools for Water Resource Management under Climate Change and Socio-Economic Stressors: A Critical Appraisal

Water ◽

10.3390/w11122642 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2642 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thuc D. Phan ◽

James C. R. Smart ◽

Ben Stewart-Koster ◽

Oz. Sahin ◽

Wade L. Hadwen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Decision Support ◽

Resource Management ◽

Bayesian Networks ◽

Water Resource ◽

Water Resource Management ◽

Decision Support Tools ◽

Management Measures ◽

Support Tools ◽

Economic Stressors

Bayesian networks (BNs) are widely implemented as graphical decision support tools which use probability inferences to generate “what if?” and “which is best?” analyses of potential management options for water resource management, under climate change and socio-economic stressors. This paper presents a systematic quantitative literature review of applications of BNs for decision support in water resource management. The review quantifies to what extent different types of data (quantitative and/or qualitative) are used, to what extent optimization-based and/or scenario-based approaches are adopted for decision support, and to what extent different categories of adaptation measures are evaluated. Most reviewed publications applied scenario-based approaches (68%) to evaluate the performance of management measures, whilst relatively few studies (18%) applied optimization-based approaches to optimize management measures. Institutional and social measures (62%) were mostly applied to the management of water-related concerns, followed by technological and engineered measures (47%), and ecosystem-based measures (37%). There was no significant difference in the use of quantitative and/or qualitative data across different decision support approaches (p = 0.54), or in the evaluation of different categories of management measures (p = 0.25). However, there was significant dependence (p = 0.076) between the types of management measure(s) evaluated, and the decision support approaches used for that evaluation. The potential and limitations of BN applications as decision support systems are discussed along with solutions and recommendations, thereby further facilitating the application of this promising decision support tool for future research priorities and challenges surrounding uncertain and complex water resource systems driven by multiple interactions amongst climatic and non-climatic changes.

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Analyzing the Effectiveness of a Multi-Purpose Dam Using a System Dynamics Model

Water ◽

10.3390/w12041062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1062 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sleemin Lee ◽

Doosun Kang

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Resource Management ◽

System Dynamics ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Resource ◽

Water Resource Management ◽

Target Area ◽

System Dynamics Model ◽

Dynamics Model ◽

The Social

The increasing frequency of extreme droughts and flash floods in recent years due to climate change has increased the interest in sustainable water use and efficient water resource management. Because the water resource sector is closely related to human activities and affected by interactions between the humanities and social sciences, there is a need for interdisciplinary research that can consider various elements, such as society and the economy. This study elucidates relationships within the social and hydrological systems and quantitatively analyzes the effects of a multi-purpose dam on the target society using a system dynamics model. A causal loop was used to identify causal relationships between the social and hydrological components of the target area, and a simulation model was constructed using the system dynamics technique. Additionally, climate change and socio-economic scenarios were applied to analyze the future effects of the multi-purpose dam on population change, the regional economy, water use, and flood damage prevention in the target area. The model proved reliable in predicting socio-economic changes in the target area and can be used to make decisions about efficient water resource management and water-resource-related facility planning.

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