The Bread VC: Its Health Impact and Structure in France and the U.S.

2014 ◽  
pp. 3-51
Author(s):  
Victoria Hill
Keyword(s):  
Health Impact ◽  
The U.S

Use of Health Impact Assessment in the U.S

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Dannenberg ◽  
Rajiv Bhatia ◽  
Brian L. Cole ◽  
Sarah K. Heaton ◽  
Jason D. Feldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Health Impact Assessment ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Modeling the Population Health Impact of Introducing a Modified Risk Tobacco Product into the U.S. Market

Healthcare ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smilja Djurdjevic ◽  
Peter Lee ◽  
Rolf Weitkunat ◽  
Zheng Sponsiello-Wang ◽  
Frank Lüdicke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
The U.S

Health Impact Assessments A Tool for Designing Climate Change Resilience Into Green Building and Planning Projects

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Community Planning ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Voluntary Programs ◽  
Health Impact Assessments ◽  
The U.S

Historical records have documented considerable changes to the global climate, with significant health, economic, and environmental consequences. Climate projections predict more intense hurricanes; increased sea level rise; and more frequent and more intense natural disasters such as heat waves, heavy rainfall, and drought in the future (1; 2). The coast along the Gulf of Mexico is particularly vulnerable to many of these environmental hazards and at particular risk when several strike simultaneously—such as a hurricane disrupting electricity transmission during a heat wave. Due to its significant contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the building sector already plays an important role in climate change mitigation efforts (e.g., reducing emissions). For example, voluntary programs such as the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Rating System (3), the Architecture 2030 Challenge (4), the American College and University Presidents' Climate Commitment (5), and the Clinton Climate Initiative (6) focus almost exclusively on reducing energy consumption and increasing renewable energy generation. Mandatory regulations such as the International Energy Conservation Code (7), the International Green Building Code (8), and CalGreen (9) also emphasize GHG emission reduction targets. This leadership role is necessary. After all, the United States EPA estimates that the building sector accounts for 62.7% of total annual GHG emissions in the U.S., when the construction sector, facility operations, and transportation are factored in. In fact, the construction sector alone is the third largest industrial emitter of GHGs after the oil and gas and chemical industries, contributing 1.7% of total annual emissions (10; 11). As significant as these contributions appear, the built environment's true contribution to climate change is much larger than the GHG emissions attributed to building construction and operations. It is also a major determinant of which populations are vulnerable to climate change-related hazards, such as heat waves and flooding (12; 13). Architecture and land use planning can therefore be used as tools for building community resilience to the climate-related environmental changes underway (13). Climate change regulations and voluntary programs have begun to incorporate requirements targeting the built environment's ability to work in tandem with the natural environment to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect its occupants from the health consequences of a changing climate. For example, 11 states have incorporated climate change adaptation goals into their climate action plans (14). In 2010, the not-for-profit organization ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability launched a climate change adaptation program (15) to complement their existing mitigation program, which supports municipalities who have signed the U.S. Conference of Mayors' Climate Protection Agreement (16). New tools have been introduced to measure community vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. One of these tools, Health Impact Assessments (or HIAs), has emerged over the past decade as a powerful methodology to provide evidence-based recommendations to decision makers and community planning officials about the likely health co-benefits and co-harms associated with proposed policies and land use development proposals (17). While HIAs are becoming a more common feature of community planning efforts, this paper introduces them as an approach to designing climate change resilience into specific building projects. HIAs have been used in Europe and other parts of the world for decades to provide a science-based, balanced assessment of the risks and benefits to health associated with a proposed policy or program (18). In the U.S., they have been used over the past decade to evaluate transit-oriented developments, urban infill projects, and California's capand-trade legislation, among other topics (17; 19). To date, HIAs have been used mainly to inform large-scale community planning, land use, industrial, and policy decisions. However, the recommendations generated through the HIA process often bring to light previously unforeseen vulnerabilities, whether due to existing infrastructure, building technology, or socio-economic conditions. Designers can make use of the HIA process and its resulting recommendations to prioritize design/retrofit interventions that will result in the largest co-benefits to building owners, the surrounding community, and the environment. An HIA focused on the health impacts of climate change will likely generate recommendations that could enhance the longevity of a building project's useful life; protect its property value by contributing to the resilience of the surrounding community; and result in design decisions that prioritize strategies that maximize both short-term efficiencies and long-term environmental, economic, and social value.

scholarly journals The Quest for a Vaccine against Coccidioidomycosis, A Neglected Disease of the Americas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo N. Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
The U.S

Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) is a disease caused by inhalation of Coccidioides spp. This neglected tropical disease of the Americas has substantial public health impact despite its geographic restriction to desert areas of the southwestern U.S., Mexico, Central and South America. The incidence of this infection in California and Arizona has been increasing over the past fifteen years. The burden of disease in outside the U.S. remains poorly understood. Several large cities are within the endemic region in the U.S. Coccidioidomycosis accounts for 25,000 hospital admissions per year in California. While most cases of coccidioidomycosis resolve spontaneously, up to 40% are severe enough to require anti-fungal treatment, and a significant number disseminate beyond the lungs. Disseminated infection, especially involving the meninges, is fatal without appropriate treatment. Infection with Coccidioides spp. is protective against a second infection, so vaccination seems biologically plausible. This review of efforts to develop a vaccine against coccidioidomycosis focuses on vaccine approaches and the difficulties in identifying protein antigen/adjuvant combinations that protect in experimental mouse models. Although the quest for a vaccine has not yet resulted in a clinically useful product, scientific efforts of vaccine development pave the way for future success.

scholarly journals Accelerating Evaluation of Financial Incentives for Fruits and Vegetables: A Case for Shared Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12140
Author(s):  
Nadine Budd Nugent ◽  
Carmen Byker Shanks ◽  
Hilary K. Seligman ◽  
Hollyanne Fricke ◽  
Courtney A. Parks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Nutrition Assistance ◽  
The U.S

Food insecurity, or lack of consistent access to enough food, is associated with low intakes of fruits and vegetables (FVs) and higher risk of chronic diseases and disproportionately affects populations with low income. Financial incentives for FVs are supported by the 2018 Farm Bill and United States (U.S.) Department of Agriculture’s Gus Schumacher Nutrition Incentive Program (GusNIP) and aim to increase dietary quality and food security among households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and with low income. Currently, there is no shared evaluation model for the hundreds of financial incentive projects across the U.S. Despite the fact that a majority of these projects are federally funded and united as a cohort of grantees through GusNIP, it is unclear which models and attributes have the greatest public health impact. We explore the evaluation of financial incentives in the U.S. to demonstrate the need for shared measurement in the future. We describe the process of the GusNIP NTAE, a federally supported initiative, to identify and develop shared measurement to be able to determine the potential impact of financial incentives in the U.S. This commentary discusses the rationale, considerations, and next steps for establishing shared evaluation measures for financial incentives for FVs, to accelerate our understanding of impact, and support evidence-based policymaking.

scholarly journals Modeling the Population Health Impact of Introducing a Modified Risk Tobacco Product into the U.S. Market

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smilja Djurdjevic ◽  
Peter N. Lee ◽  
Rolf Weitkunat ◽  
Zheng Sponsiello-Wang ◽  
Frank Lüdicke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The U.S

Philip Morris International (PMI) has developed the Population Health Impact Model (PHIM) to quantify, in the absence of epidemiological data, the effects of marketing a candidate modified risk tobacco product (cMRTP) on the public health of a whole population. Various simulations were performed to understand the harm reduction impact on the U.S. population over a 20-year period under various scenarios. The overall reduction in smoking attributable deaths (SAD) over the 20-year period was estimated as 934,947 if smoking completely went away and between 516,944 and 780,433 if cMRTP use completely replaces smoking. The reduction in SADs was estimated as 172,458 for the World Health Organization (WHO) 2025 Target and between 70,274 and 90,155 for the gradual cMRTP uptake. Combining the scenarios (WHO 2025 Target and cMRTP uptake), the reductions were between 256,453 and 268,796, depending on the cMRTP effective dose. These results show how a cMRTP can reduce overall population harm additionally to existing tobacco control efforts.

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