An Environmental Background: Floods, Modern Hydrology and Medieval Environment

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-137
Author(s):  
Andrea Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Background

Evaluation functions for integral mapping

2017 ◽  
Vol 921 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.I. Lesnykh ◽  
A.K. Cherkashin
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Evaluation Function ◽  
Final Value ◽  
Evaluation Functions ◽  
Geographical Environment ◽  
Environmental Background ◽  
Integral Mapping

The proposed procedure of integral mapping is based on calculation of evaluation functions on the integral indicators (II) taking into account the feature of the local geographical environment, when geosystems in the same states in the different environs have various estimates. Calculation of II is realized with application of a Principal Component Analysis for processing of the forest database, allowing to consider in II the weight of each indicator (attribute). The final value of II is equal to a difference of the first (condition of geosystem) and the second (condition of environmental background) principal components. The evaluation functions are calculated on this value for various problems of integral mapping. The environmental factors of variability is excluded from final value of II, therefore there is an opportunity to find the invariant evaluation function and to determine coefficients of this function. Concepts and functions of the theory of reliability for making the evaluation maps of the hazard of functioning and stability of geosystems are used.

scholarly journals English Vowels and Consonants Mispronunciation of the Seventh President of Republic of Indonesia in His Official English Speeches and Its Influencing Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Ambalegin Ambalegin ◽  
Tomi Arianto
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Sound System ◽  
British English ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
English Vowels ◽  
Environmental Background ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Received Pronunciation ◽  
Consonant Sounds

This research aimed to find out the mispronunciation of English vowels and consonants of the seventh president of Republic of Indonesia, Mr. Joko Widodo in his official English speeches based on the standard of British English Received Pronunciation (RP) and the factors influencing his English vowels and consonants mispronunciation. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. In collecting data, the researchers used observation method with non-participatory technique (Sudaryanto, 2015). In analyzing the data, the researchers used articulatory identity method (Sudaryanto, 2015). It was found that the consonant sounds /θ/, /ð/, /v/, /z/, /ʃ/ were pronounced incorrectly, the vowel sounds/ə/, /ɒ/, /ɛ/, /i/, /e/, /ɪ/ were pronounced inconsistently, and the diphthong sounds /ɪə/, /eɪ/, /əʊ/ and /aʊ/ were pronounced incorrectly. The consonant sound /l/ in the middle of the word was not pronounced. The consonant sound /j/ in the middle of the word is omitted. The consonant sounds /g/, /tʃ/, and /r/ were pronounced the same as the spelling. The consonant sounds /t/, /s/, /k/ at the end of the words were omitted. The letter y sounded /ɪ/ at the end of the word was pronounced as /e/. The diphthong sounds /ɪə/, /eɪ/, /əʊ/ and /aʊ/ were pronounced as /ɪ/, /ʌ/, /ɛ/, /ə/, /e/, and /ͻ/. The factors influencing the mispronunciation of English vowel and consonant sounds were mother tongue interference, sound system differences between Indonesian and English, the influence of spelling on pronunciation, educational background, and environmental background.

Environmental Background

2012 ◽  
pp. 12-57
Author(s):  
David G. Passmore ◽  
Clive Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Background

scholarly journals Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the South of Italy based on healthcare administrative data

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Palladino ◽  
V Brescia Morra ◽  
R Lanzillo ◽  
R Giordana ◽  
M G Fumo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Healthcare Resource Utilization ◽  
European Population ◽  
Healthcare Organization ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Longitudinal Gradient ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Environmental Background

Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an heterogenous disease whose prevalence varies in Europe. Hereby, we aimed to estimate prevalence of MS in the Campania Region of Italy. Methods To identify individuals with MS living in the Campania Region of Italy, we extracted data from the following healthcare administrative databases: hospital discharge records, regional drug registry, and specialist outpatient visits from Jan-2015 to 3Dec-2017. Individuals alive on the 1-Jan-2018 were included to capture prevalence on this date. Age-sex standardised prevalence rates were calculated using the direct standardisation method; the European population in 2018 was considered as reference population. To assess differences in the prevalence ratios across the five provinces of the region, standardised morbility ratios (SMR) were calculated. To calculate 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the standardised rates, the Byar’s approximation method based on the Poisson distribution was used. Results We identified 5,361 individuals with MS (females 64.5%, age 45.6±12.7 years). Standardised prevalence rate per 100,000 people was 90.0 cases (95%CI=87.60, 92.40) (112.07 for females [95%CI=108.36, 115.88] and 66.20 for males [95%CI=63.26, 69.25]). The SMR in the province of Naples, the most densely populated, was 0.90 (95%CI=0.86, 0.96), whereas the highest SMR was found in the province of Salerno (SMR=1.30; 95%CI=1.23, 1.38), and the lowest in the province of Caserta (SMR=0.89; 95%CI=0.82-0.96). Conclusions Prevalence of MS in the Campania Region is lower than previous estimates from smaller areas in the North of Italy, suggesting a longitudinal gradient. Differences within the Region could be explained by genetic/environmental background and healthcare organization (e.g., missing diagnoses). In the future, healthcare administrative databases could be used to monitor MS prevalence/incidence and to plan healthcare resource utilization. Key messages Prevalence of MS in the Campania Region is 90 cases per 100,000 people. It is lower than previous estimates from smaller areas in the North of Italy, suggesting a longitudinal gradient. Differences within the Region could be explained by genetic/environmental background and healthcare organization (e.g., missing diagnoses).

scholarly journals Protective Effect of R Allele ofPON1Gene on the Coronary Artery Disease in the Presence of Specific Genetic Background

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Balcerzyk ◽  
Iwona Zak ◽  
Jolanta Krauze
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Environmental Background ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polymorphic Variants ◽  
Artery Disease

Background: Genetic susceptibility to CAD may be determined by polymorphic variants of genes encoding isoforms involved in the processes important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, including lipids disorders. Participation of single polymorphic variants is relatively small, however its significance may increase in the presence of specific genetic or environmental background.Aim: The aim of the study was an evaluation a possible association between single polymorphic variants ofPON1, APOE, ABCA1andPPARAgenes and CAD and looking for specific multigene genotype patterns which differentiate study groups.Materials and methods: We studied 358 subjects:178 patients with angiographically confirmed CAD and 180 blood donors without history of CAD. Polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-RFLP method.Results: We observed statistically significant differences in the frequencies of R allele and R allele carriers ofPON1gene between CAD and controls. The distribution of genotypes and alleles of other analyzed genes did not differentiate the study groups, however the presence of specific genotypes (APOE– ɛ3ɛ3, ɛ3ɛ2,ABCA1– AG,PPARA– GG) increased the protective effect of R allele.Conclusion: The present study revealed an independent protective association between carrier-state of PON1 R allele and CAD. This protective effect was especially strong in the presence of specific genotype arrangements of other analyzed genes.

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