Relationships between plant community productivity and diversity vary with trampling disturbance in an Inner-Mongolian steppe

The relationship between diversity and productivity of plant communities is an important issue in grassland restoration. However, the degree to which this relationship varies during the restoration stage after trampling disturbance is not clear. Here, we conducted a five-year study in a steppe after 4-year trampling to detect restoration patterns of plant community and investigate variation in diversity-productivity relationships. Our results showed that community cover, abundance, height, and productivity recovered quickly after the trampling disturbance ceased. However, the recovery of diversity was slower than biomass in the steppe. In addition, grass, annual, and biennial recovery was more rapidly than the recovery of forbs in the steppe. Moreover, following the restoration process, the positive correlation between productivity and diversity was decoupled, and a negative correlation between productivity and diversity developed. Our finding provides the key evidence for the asynchronous relation between productivity and diversity, and reveals that grass restored more rapidly than forbs in plant community restoration after disturbance. This study indicates that the trade-off between plant community structure and function can vary with the restoration process, and implicates that future modeling and experimental studies should focus on the different responses of productivity and diversity in plant community restoration.

Conservation aquaculture as a tool for imperiled marine species: Evaluation of opportunities and risks for Olympia oysters, Ostrea lurida

Conservation aquaculture is becoming an important tool to support the recovery of declining marine species and meet human needs. However, this tool comes with risks as well as rewards, which must be assessed to guide aquaculture activities and recovery efforts. Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) provide key ecosystem functions and services along the west coast of North America, but populations have declined to the point of local extinction in some estuaries. Here, we present a species-level, range-wide approach to strategically planning the use of aquaculture to promote recovery of Olympia oysters. We identified 12 benefits of culturing Olympia oysters, including identifying climate-resilient phenotypes that add diversity to growers’ portfolios. We also identified 11 key risks, including potential negative ecological and genetic consequences associated with the transfer of hatchery-raised oysters into wild populations. Informed by these trade-offs, we identified ten priority estuaries where aquaculture is most likely to benefit Olympia oyster recovery. The two highest scoring estuaries have isolated populations with extreme recruitment limitation—issues that can be addressed via aquaculture if hatchery capacity is expanded in priority areas. By integrating social criteria, we evaluated which project types would likely meet the goals of local stakeholders in each estuary. Community restoration was most broadly suited to the priority areas, with limited commercial aquaculture and no current community harvest of the species, although this is a future stakeholder goal. The framework we developed to evaluate aquaculture as a tool to support species recovery is transferable to other systems and species globally; we provide a guide to prioritizing local knowledge and developing recommendations for implementation by using transparent criteria. Our collaborative process engaging diverse stakeholders including managers, scientists, Indigenous Tribal representatives, and shellfish growers can be used elsewhere to seek win-win opportunities to expand conservation aquaculture where benefits are maximized for both people and imperiled species.

Rewilding with invertebrates and microbes to restore ecosystems: present trends and future directions

1. Restoration ecology has historically focused on reconstructing communities of highly visible taxa whilst less visible taxa, such as invertebrates and microbes, are ignored. This is problematic as invertebrates and microbes make up the vast bulk of biodiversity and drive many key ecosystem processes, yet they are rarely actively reintroduced following restoration, potentially limiting ecosystem function and biodiversity in these areas. 2. In this review, we discuss the current (limited) incorporation of invertebrates and microbes in restoration and rewilding projects. We argue that these groups should be actively rewilded during restoration to improve biodiversity and ecosystem function outcomes and highlight how they can be used to greater effect in the future. For example, invertebrates and microbes are easily manipulated, meaning whole communities can potentially be rewilded through habitat transplants in a practice that we refer to as “whole-of-community” rewilding. 3. We provide a framework for whole-of-community rewilding and describe empirical case studies as practical applications of this under-researched restoration tool that land managers can use to improve restoration outcomes. 4. We hope this new perspective on whole-of-community restoration will promote applied research into restoration that incorporates all biota, irrespective of size, whilst also enabling a better understanding of fundamental ecological theory, such as colonisation- competition trade-offs. This may be a necessary consideration as invertebrates that are important in providing ecosystem services are declining globally; targeting invertebrate communities during restoration may be crucial in stemming this decline.

Reflections of the Ethics on Coexisting with Disaster

With the increasing number of human disasters in recent years, disaster service workers are faced with an ever-growing challenge of criticism concerning their professional competence. The workers also realize the limitation inherent in their practice, as well as bioethics problems regarding autonomy and heteronomy. Therefore, professionals and researchers of human service devote to the issue of post-disaster rehabilitation of the people so as to identify an effective way and practice to aid the post-disaster individual, family and community. This study explores the effectiveness of rehabilitative function of disaster service workers through the action research of Typhoon Morakot and the 2014 Gas Explosion in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The case studies serves as a platform for thediscussion of principles of bioethics and the analysis of the process of self-discipline of the workers of human services in hope of ultimately establishing bioethical principles for heteronomy during disasters and work indicators for post-disaster community restoration. Discuss Issues are 1. How can self-discipline in bioethics be achieved for the human service workers during times of disaster? 2. In post-disaster reconstruction, how does the human service worker take into? account bioethical principles to serve and partake in the restoration of the postdisaster life of community residents? 3. During the process of a disaster research, what are the bioethical considerations to be taken into for the test subjects? Conclusion and suggestions: To formulate indicators for a post-disaster “community of health and wellness;” to establish bioethical principles of heteronomy for disaster service workers

DEFORESTASI DAN MIGRASI PENDUDUK KE IBU KOTA BARU KALIMANTAN TIMUR: PERAN SINERGIS PEMERINTAH DAN MASYARAKAT

Pada 26 Agustus 2019, Presiden Republik Indonesia telah mengumumkan rencana pemindahan ibu kota Indonesia ke Kalimantan Timur. Indikator pemilihan kandidat ibu kota baru berdasarkan oposisi dari permasalahan yang dihadapi DKI Jakarta, yaitu situasi terlalu padat menimbulkan permasalahan macet, polusi, rentan banjir, dan masalah geografis seperti dataran yang sudah menurun serta dekat dengan zona tumbukan lempeng.Muncul tanggapan dari berbagai pihak, meski salah satu alasan pemilihan terkait rencana ibu kota baru di Kalimantan Timur karena tidak rawan bencana alam namun terdapat isu masalah lingkungan hidup yang sering terjadi yaitu, deforestasi. Rencana ini akan meningkatkan potensi deforestasi—hutan gambut sebagai vegetasi mayoritas merupakan area rawan terbakar. Kemungkinan masifnya migrasi penduduk tanpa perencanaan proteksi lingkungan melalui masyarakat itu sendiri nantinya mengakibatkan potensi deforestasi besar-besaran karena ekspansi wilayah menurunkan kuantitas hutan dan berdampak pada satwa langka yang tinggal di dalam nya.Peningkatan deforestasi besar-besaran karena potensi migrasi penduduk yang masif akan terjadi karena adanya interaksi ekonomi dengan penduduk setempat yang akan melakukan ekspansi lahan untuk pertanian, serta kegiatan berburu dan menangkap ikan yang menggunakan api sebagai salah satu keperluannya. Aktivitas ekonomi ini berada pada atau dekat dengan area hutan gambut yang memudahkan api menjalar lebih cepat dan besar, ditambah dengan isu perubahan iklim yang terjadi membuat pemadaman kebakaran hutan ini lebih sulit dapat menghentikan aktivitas ibu kota baru dalam jangka waktu yang lama serta kabut asap yang dihasilkan dapat bertahan lebih lama dan berimbas pada masalah kesehatan dan ekonomi masyarakat.Sehingga perlu peran sinergis antara pemerintah dan masyarakat, melalui perspektif disiplin kesejahteraan sosial dengan menggunakan pendekatan pengorganisasian masyarakat (community organizing) yakni perencanaan dan kebijakan sosial di mana pemerintah perlu membuat kebijakan penghijauan kembali bersama masyarakat (community restoration policies) serta pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui locality development.Artikel ini melalui perspektif disiplin kesejahteraan sosial dengan menggunakan pendekatan pengorganisasian masyarakat akan membahas pengaruh potensi migrasi penduduk yang masif pada peningkatan deforestasi terkait rencana pemindahan ibu kota di Kalimantan Timur.

O BANIMENTO DE PROFETAS NO PARAÍSO APOCALÍPTICO DO TRITO-ZACARIAS

Este artigo postula o contexto do século II a.C. em que as últimas profecias do livro de Zacarias. Estão inseridas em ambientes de conflitos sociais na Palestina, dimensionando tanto a política central quanto a esperança popular. Nessa política, a profecia israelita não mais repercute por pertencer a uma sociedade estruturalmente estatal. Nossa hipótese é que o enunciado que tomamos por fonte (Zacarias 13.2-6) transmite a mensagem dos novos porta-vozes de Yahweh e marginaliza os profetas. Assim, tem a intenção de inspirar a restauração comunitária sem retroprojetar as tradições reais. Nesse sentido, estamos diante de enunciado singular. Por esta perspectiva historiográfica, a natureza da linguagem apocalíptica é incorporada ao processo de refundação na qual emerge o poder sacerdotal, portanto é escribal e sem profetas – sem visão e transmissão oral de mensagem divina –, ainda que em seu contexto haja reinterpretações proféticas. Em nosso postulado demonstraremos que, na apresentação da nova comunidade de Yahweh – um mundo celestial habitado por anjos –, os sacerdotes tomam para si a tarefa de presidir e naturalizar o genocídio de profetas. THE BANISHMENT OF PROPHETS IN THE APOCALYPTIC PARADISE OF THE TRITO-ZECHARIAHAbstractThis article postulates the context of the second century B.C. in which the last prophecies of the book of Zechariah. They are embedded in environments of social conflict in Palestine, scaling both central politics and popular hope. In this policy, Israelite prophecy no longer resonates because it belongs to a structurally state society. Our hypothesis is that the statement we take from the source (Zechariah 13: 2-6) conveys the message of Yahweh’s new spokesmen and marginalizes the prophets. Thus, it intends to inspire community restoration without over-projecting the royal traditions. In this sense, we are facing a singular statement. From this historiographical perspective, the nature of apocalyptic language is incorporated into the process of refounding in which the priestly emerges, so it is scribal and without prophets – without vision and oral transmission of divine message –, even though in its context there are prophetic reinterpretations. In our postulate we will demonstrate that in presenting the new community of Yahweh – a heavenly world inhabited by angels –, priests take it upon themselves to preside over and naturalize the genocide of prophets.Keywords: Apocalypse; cultural memory; prophecy; ancient Israel.