“Prelude to the Future”: The Antecedents of the Bretton Woods Architecture

Author(s):  
J. Simon Rofe
Keyword(s):  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 45-72
Author(s):  
Murat Metin Hakki

No doubt the early progress in European integration was supported by the pax Americana, the stability of the Bretton Woods system and the ideological front formed by the Western world against the Soviet Union (USSR). An increasingly united Europe was also seen as necessary to avoid yet another world war. Long considered America’s most important alliance and a benchmark by which a president’s foreign policy skill is measured, the US-European relationship has been shaken over a series of disputes that culminated during George W. Bush’s presidency. While the years 2004 and 2005 witnessed a gradual recovery of transatlantic relations, the future remains uncertain. Have these problems arisen because of Bush’s presidential style? Or are there other deeper factors underlying transatlantic tensions? What does the future hold for the political and military alliance that bonded Europe and America for over half a century?


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
E. V. Zenkina ◽  
◽  
A. S. Kharlanov ◽  

The relevance and importance of the article is due to the increasing practical importance of the evolution of the digital currencies of the central banks of the future due to the fact that globalization requires new payment instruments. We analyzed the understanding of the essence of money and its future, the reasons for the appearance, features and risks of the digital currency of the central bank. Recommendations are proposed to change the functions of national banks, in the field of the need to make digital money of central banks anonymous and facilitate payment by them. It was concluded that at present the digital currency of the central bank is a fashionable answer to the transition to the new digital world, but at the moment it is losing competition to cryptocurrencies.


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