Microautoradiography of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions

1972 ◽  
pp. 61-98
Author(s):  
Ulrich Lüttge
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions

Water-soluble inorganic ions of size-differentiated atmospheric particles from a suburban site of Mexico City

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Telma Castro ◽  
Oscar Peralta ◽  
Dara Salcedo ◽  
José Santos ◽  
María I. Saavedra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Atmospheric Particles ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
Suburban Site

scholarly journals The sensitivity of PM<sub>2.5</sub> acidity to meteorological parameters and chemical composition changes: 10-year records from six Canadian monitoring sites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Tao ◽  
Jennifer G. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
Composition Changes

Abstract. Aerosol pH is difficult to measure directly but can be calculated if the chemical composition is known with sufficient accuracy and precision to calculate the aerosol water content and the H+ concentration through ion balance. In practical terms, simultaneous measurements of at least one semi-volatile constitute, e.g. NH3 or HNO3, are required to provide a constraint on the calculation of pH. Long-term records of aerosol pH are scarce due to the limited monitoring of NH3 in conjunction with PM2.5. In this study, 10-year (2007–2016) records of pH of PM2.5 at six eastern Canadian sites were calculated using the E-AIM II model with the input of gaseous NH3, gaseous HNO3 and major water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 provided by Canada's National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) Program. Clear seasonal cycles of aerosol pH were found with lower pH (~2) in summer and higher pH (~3) in winter consistently across all six sites, while the day-to-day variations of aerosol pH were higher in winter compared to summer. Tests of the sensitivity of aerosol pH to meteorological parameters demonstrate that the changes in ambient temperature largely drive the seasonal cycle of aerosol pH. The sensitivity of pH to chemical composition shows that pH has different responses to the changes in chemical composition in different seasons. During summertime, aerosol pH was mainly determined by temperature with limited impact from changes in NHx or sulfate concentrations. However, in wintertime, both meteorological parameters and chemical composition contribute to the variations in aerosol pH, resulting in the larger variation during wintertime. This study reveals that the sensitivity of aerosol pH to chemical composition is distinctly different under different meteorological conditions and needs to be carefully examined for any particular region.

scholarly journals Comparative study on water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 from two distinct climate regions and air quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duong Huu Huy ◽  
Le Tu Thanh ◽  
To Thi Hien ◽  
Norimichi Takenaka
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions

scholarly journals Seasonal variations of water-soluble ions in PM10 at a WMO/GAW station in the Yangtze River Delta, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 04058
Author(s):  
Dongqing Fang ◽  
Junli Jin ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Wanqi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yangtze River ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Ions ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
Oxidation Ratio ◽  
The Yangtze River Delta

In order to understand the seasonal levels, formation mechanism and atmospheric chemical behaviours of water-soluble ions of PM10 in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, aerosol samples were collected from January 2nd to December 28th, 2017 at a WMO/GAW regional background station in Lin’an. The concentrations of PM mass and nine water-soluble inorganic ions were obtained. The annual average concentration of PM10 was 59.9±33.9 μg m−3, lower than those reported in previous studies, indicating air quality of YRD region was improved. Nine water-soluble inorganic ions was accounted for 30.2-45.1% of the total PM mass, while ammonium (NH4+), sulfate (SO42+), as well as nitrate (NO3-) were the major ions which contributed 86.3% to total ions. The NO3- concentration was lowest in summer but highest in winter, suggesting it was likely influenced by thermodynamics. The levels of SO42- in spring and winter were related to photochemical reaction and regional transportation. Except for the SNA, Ca2+ was highest in four seasons likely due to sand storm and road fugitive dust. The annual mean ratio of [NO3-]/[SO42-] was nearly to 1, indicating mobile and stationary sources were equally important in Lin’an. The mean nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) were 0.22±0.13 and 0.41±0.13, respectively, suggesting secondary formation was significant in the atmosphere at the background station of YRD region.

Semi-continuous measurements of water-soluble inorganic ions over a high-altitude background site in central Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atinderpal Singh ◽  
We-Ren Chen ◽  
Chung-Te Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Backward Trajectories ◽  
Continuous Measurements ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
Central Taiwan

&lt;p&gt;To better understand the abundance and sources of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), semi-continuous measurements of WSIIs were performed during autumn 2015 and spring 2016 at a high-altitude background station (2,862 m above sea level) on the summit of Mt. Lulin in central Taiwan. During autumn, the mass concentration of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;, major WSIIs, and CO increased significantly from 12:00 to 18:00 hrs local standard time (LST), whereas the visibility and concentration of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; decreased at the same time. The backward trajectories analyses showed that the sampling site was under the influence of lifted air masses by the upslope wind from 12:00 to 18:00 hrs. Thus the mountain-valley (M-V) circulation could be the major driving force for the observed aerosol diurnal patterns over the study region during autumn. In sharp contrast to autumn, five high aerosol loading events were observed during spring with each event lasting for a few days. These events were synchronized with the long-range transport of biomass burning (BB) smoke emissions from the Indochina region, as revealed from the fire count map and backward trajectories. The plumes appear to mask their characteristic diurnal features that are driven by the local M-V circulation. These plumes also affected the acidity of ambient aerosol. During BB events, aerosol was found to be relatively more alkaline in nature as revealed by higher molar ratio of [NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;calc&lt;/sub&gt;/[NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;meas&lt;/sub&gt; during BB events (0.88 &amp;#177; 0.25) than that of the whole spring season (0.81 &amp;#177; 0.33). The third BB event (BB3), March 29 to April 04, 2016, was the most prominent one among all BB events. During BB3, the mass concentration of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;, NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; and SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt; increased from 8.3 to 29, 0.01 to 2.0, 0.02 to 0.4, 0.01 to 1.6, and 0.4 to 4.1 &amp;#956;g m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively as compared to before the event. A fog event (March 31; 0:00 to 10:00 LST) was also observed during the BB3 event that decreased the mass concentration of all the species significantly. It suggested that aerosol scavenging and cloud-active processing may occur in this fog event.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4631-4644 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Zhao ◽  
F. Dong ◽  
D. He ◽  
X. J. Zhao ◽  
X. L. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions

Abstract. In order to study the temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 and its chemical compositions in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH), PM2.5 samples were collected at four urban sites in Beijing (BJ), Tianjin (TJ), Shijiazhuang (SJZ), and Chengde (CD), and also one site at Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional background station over four seasons from 2009 to 2010. The samples were weighted for mass concentrations and analyzed in the laboratory for chemical profiles of 19 elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn), eight water-soluble inorganic ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−, and carbon fractions (OC and EC). The concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical species were season dependent and showed spatially similar characteristics in the plain area of BTH. The average annual concentrations of PM2.5 were 71.8–191.2 μg m−3 at the five sites, with more than 90% of sampling days exceeding 50 μg m−3 at BJ, TJ, and SJZ. PM2.5 pollution was most serious at SJZ, and the annual concentrations of PM2.5, secondary inorganic ions, OC, EC, and most crustal elements were all highest. Due to stronger photochemical oxidation, the sum of concentrations of secondary inorganic ions (NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− was highest in the summer at SDZ, BJ, TJ, and CD. Analysis of electric charges of water-soluble inorganic ions indicated the existence of nitric acid or hydrochloric acid in PM2.5. For all five sites, the concentrations of OC, EC and also secondary organic carbon (SOC) in the spring and summer were lower than those in the autumn and winter. SOC had more percentages of increase than primary organic carbon (POC) during the winter. The sums of crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Ti, Ba, and Sr) were higher in the spring and autumn owing to more days with blowing or floating dust. The concentrations of heavy metals were at higher levels in the BTH area by comparison with other studies. In Shijiazhuang and Chengde, the PM2.5 pollution was dominated by coal combustion. Motor vehicle exhausts and coal combustion emissions both played important roles in Tianjin PM2.5 pollution. However, motor vehicle exhausts had played a more important role in Beijing owing to the reduction of coal consumption and sharp increase of cars in recent years. At SDZ, regional transportation of air pollutants from southern urban areas was significant.

Variation of carbonaceous aerosols and water soluble inorganic ions during winter haze in two consecutive years

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Satsangi ◽  
Ankita Mangal ◽  
Awni Agarwal ◽  
Anita Lakhani ◽  
K. Maharaj Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions
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