Do Ethnic Groups Migrate Towards Areas of High Concentration of Their Own Group Within England and Wales?

2010 ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Simon
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
England And Wales

scholarly journals Joint contribution of socioeconomic circumstances and ethnic group to variations in preterm birth, neonatal mortality and infant mortality in England and Wales: a population-based retrospective cohort study using routine data from 2006 to 2012

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e028227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Opondo ◽  
Ron Gray ◽  
Jennifer Hollowell ◽  
Yangmei Li ◽  
Jennifer J Kurinczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Adverse Birth Outcomes ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Deprived Areas

ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the variation in risks of adverse birth outcomes across ethnic groups and socioeconomic circumstances, and to explore the evidence of mediation by socioeconomic circumstances of the effect of ethnicity on birth outcomes.SettingEngland and Wales.ParticipantsThe data came from the 4.6 million singleton live births between 2006 and 2012.ExposureThe main exposure was ethnic group. Socioeconomic circumstances, the hypothesised mediator, were measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), an area-level measure of deprivation, based on the mother’s place of residence.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were birth outcomes, namely: neonatal death, infant death and preterm birth. We estimated the slope and relative indices of inequality to describe differences in birth outcomes across IMD, and the proportion of the variance in birth outcomes across ethnic groups attributable to IMD. We investigated mediation by IMD on birth outcomes across ethnic groups using structural equation modelling.ResultsNeonatal mortality, infant mortality and preterm birth risks were 2.1 per 1000, 3.2 per 1000 and 5.6%, respectively. Babies in the most deprived areas had 47%–129% greater risk of adverse birth outcomes than those in the least deprived areas. Minority ethnic babies had 48%–138% greater risk of adverse birth outcomes compared with white British babies. Up to a third of the variance in birth outcomes across ethnic groups was attributable to differences in IMD, and there was strong statistical evidence of an indirect effect through IMD in the effect of ethnicity on birth outcomes.ConclusionThere is evidence that socioeconomic circumstances could be contributing to the differences in birth outcomes across ethnic groups.

The changing interaction of ethnic and socio-economic segregation in England and Wales, 1991–2011

Ethnicities ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Harris ◽  
Ron Johnston ◽  
David Manley
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Ethnic Residential Segregation ◽  
The Uk

Following the publication of the 2001 and 2011 Census data, considerable attention has been given to patterns of ethnic residential segregation within the UK. The evidence contributes to debates about integration; however, as Kapoor (2013) has argued, discussion about it also risks promoting the idea that what we measure is voluntary segregation, arising from the outcome of residential choices and a preference to live with one's ethno-cultural peers. In reality, ethnic and social segregation overlap and are easily confounded; it is important to pay attention to where they geographically coincide. In this paper we use an area typology to assess whether minority ethnic groups are disproportionately concentrated in neighbourhoods in England and Wales containing the lowest proportions of their adult populations in full-time employment, and evaluate how those concentrations have changed between 1991 and 2011. We consider the (residential) exposure of the ethnic groups to the White British and also to each other, and identify the groups affected by the persistence of economic disadvantage. The analysis shows that patterns of ethnic segregation intersect strongly with neighbourhoods of socio-economic disadvantage, with inequalities in the labour market and the increase of part-time working suggested as contributing factors. A decreased exposure to the White British is an increased characteristic of the disadvantaged neighbourhoods where minority groups live. However, exposure between those groups has increased.

scholarly journals Ethnic minority groups in England and Wales - factors affecting the size and timing of elevated COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective cohort study linking Census and death records

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ayoubkhani ◽  
Vahe Nafilyan ◽  
Chris White ◽  
Peter Goldblatt ◽  
Charlotte Gaughan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
England And Wales

Objectives: To estimate population-level associations between ethnicity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality, and to investigate how ethnicity-specific mortality risk evolved over the course of the pandemic. Design: Retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data. Setting: England and Wales, deaths occurring 2 March to 15 May 2020. Participants: Respondents to the 2011 Census of England and Wales aged ≤100 years and enumerated in private households, linked to death registrations and adjusted to account for emigration before the outcome period, who were alive on 1 March 2020 (n=47,872,412). Main outcome measure: Death related to COVID-19, registered by 29 May 2020. Statistical methods: We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for ethnic minority groups compared with the White population using Cox regression models, controlling for geographical, demographic, socio-economic, occupational, and self-reported health factors. HRs were estimated on the full outcome period and separately for pre- and post-lockdown periods in the UK. Results: In the age-adjusted models, people from all ethnic minority groups were at elevated risk of COVID-19 mortality; the HRs for Black males and females were 3.13 [95% confidence interval: 2.93 to 3.34] and 2.40 [2.20 to 2.61] respectively. However, in the fully adjusted model for females, the HRs were close to unity for all ethnic groups except Black (1.29 [1.18 to 1.42]). For males, COVID-19 mortality risk remained elevated for the Black (1.76 [1.63 to 1.90]), Bangladeshi/Pakistani (1.35 [1.21 to 1.49]) and Indian (1.30 [1.19 to 1.43]) groups. The HRs decreased after lockdown for all ethnic groups, particularly Black and Bangladeshi/Pakistani females. Conclusions: Differences in COVID-19 mortality between ethnic groups were largely attenuated by geographical and socio-economic factors, although some residual differences remained. Lockdown was associated with reductions in excess mortality risk in ethnic minority populations, which has major implications for a second wave of infection or local spikes. Further research is needed to understand the causal mechanisms underpinning observed differences in COVID-19 mortality between ethnic groups.

Neighbourhood Ethnic Concentration and Discrimination

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM MAGEE ◽  
ERIC FONG ◽  
RIMA WILKES
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Employment Discrimination ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
Chinese Immigrant ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
City Region ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ethnic Concentration ◽  
Unique Aspect ◽  
Verbal Assault

We investigate the association between the residential concentration of Chinese in Toronto and discrimination as experienced and perceived by Chinese immigrant residents. A unique aspect of this study is our focus on perceived employment discrimination. We find that Chinese immigrants living in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of other Chinese residents are more likely to perceive employment discrimination against Chinese people as a group, and are more likely to report exposure to ethnically motivated verbal assault, than are Chinese immigrants living elsewhere. Our results are consistent with studies of other populations. However, we argue that theory and policy related to ethnic concentration and discrimination should recognise that effects of ethnic concentration on discrimination are likely to vary with the ecological setting under investigation (for example, neighbourhoods versus larger areas), as well as by size of locale (city, region, or country), and the ethnic groups involved.

scholarly journals Variations in neonatal mortality, infant mortality, preterm birth and birth weight in England and Wales according to ethnicity and maternal country or region of birth: an analysis of linked national data from 2006 to 2012

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-345
Author(s):  
Charles Opondo ◽  
Hiranthi Jayaweera ◽  
Jennifer Hollowell ◽  
Yangmei Li ◽  
Jennifer J Kurinczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Neonatal Death ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Adverse Birth Outcomes ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
England And Wales

BackgroundRisks of adverse birth outcomes in England and Wales are relatively low but vary across ethnic groups. We aimed to explore the role of mother’s country of birth on birth outcomes across ethnic groups using a large population-based linked data set.MethodsWe used a cohort of 4.6 million singleton live births in England and Wales to estimate relative risks of neonatal mortality, infant mortality and preterm birth, and differences in birth weight, comparing infants of UK-born mothers to infants whose mothers were born in their countries or regions of ethnic origin, or elsewhere.ResultsThe crude neonatal and infant death risks were 2.1 and 3.2 per 1000, respectively, the crude preterm birth risk was 5.6% and the crude mean birth weight was 3.36 kg. Pooling across all ethnic groups, infants of mothers born in their countries or regions of ethnic origin had lower adjusted risks of death and preterm birth, and higher gestational age-adjusted mean birth weights than those of UK-born mothers. White British infants of non-UK-born mothers had slightly lower gestational age-adjusted mean birth weights than White British infants of UK-born mothers (mean difference −3 g, 95% CI −5 g to −0.3 g). Pakistani infants of Pakistan-born mothers had lower adjusted risks of neonatal death (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 0.84, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.98), infant death (aRR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.94) and preterm birth (aRR 0.85, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.88) than Pakistani infants of UK-born Pakistani mothers. Indian infants of India-born mothers had lower adjusted preterm birth risk (aRR 0.91, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.96) than Indian infants of UK-born Indian mothers. There was no evidence of a difference by mother’s country of birth in risk of birth outcomes among Black infants, except Black Caribbean infants of mothers born in neither the UK nor their region of origin, who had higher neonatal death risks (aRR 1.71, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.76).ConclusionThis study highlights evidence of better birth outcomes among UK-born infants of non-UK-born minority ethnic group mothers, and could inform the design of future interventions to reduce the risks of adverse birth outcomes through improved targeting of at-risk groups.

scholarly journals Inequalities in healthy life expectancy between ethnic groups in England and Wales in 2001

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Wohland ◽  
Phil Rees ◽  
James Nazroo ◽  
Carol Jagger
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
England And Wales
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