The relationship between inputs and outputs of nitrogen in intensive grassland systems

1986 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Van Der Meer ◽  
M. G. Van Uum-Van Lohuyzen
Keyword(s):  
The Relationship ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

Wedge Bond Process Optimization Method for 1.5 mil Al Wire on Al Bond Pad

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (1) ◽  
pp. 000413-000418
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Qi ◽  
Daniel D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Process Development ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Black Ring ◽  
Basic Relationship ◽  
Force Time ◽  
Bond Pads ◽  
Wedge Bonding ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

Modern wedge bonders have evolved since their early inception in 1957. This paper will review the common challenges process engineers face when selecting a wedge bond machine configuration and developing robust processes. Wedge bond cases presented will show the tradeoff between process inputs and the resulting bond shapes, bond appearance of black ring, burrs, pull results, etc. The purpose of this work was to optimize the process outputs: bond shape, black ring, burrs, and pulls on a die with aluminum bond pads. Process inputs included Force, Time, and Ultrasonic Level. An aluminum wafer was used to understand the basic relationship between process parameter inputs and outputs. The learning was then applied to a die with aluminum bond pads. Examples of non-compliance and compliance will be shown to help process engineers evaluate wedge bonds and make refinements. The case studied was for an aluminum bond pad/Al wafer and 1.5 mil aluminum wire interaction that creates burrs around the bond (wire to pad interface), black ring on the bond periphery (wedge tool to wire interface) and the resulting pulls. Both the graphical and numerical results of the case study have clearly demonstrated the relationship between the typical process inputs and outputs, particularly bond shape, burrs, black ring and pulls. The findings in this study will provide a general guideline and a troubleshooting reference for wedge bonding process development.

scholarly journals Inputs and Outputs: Engagement in digital media from the maker's perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Harry J Witchel ◽  
Carina E I Westling
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Empirical Process ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
End User ◽  
Subjective Responses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Interpretive Process ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

In the process of developing a technology assembly that can objectively measure engagement on a moment-by-moment basis, subjective responses to stimuli must be shown to correlate with the component technologies, such as motion capture or psychophysiology.  Subjective scales for engagement are not all consistent in segregating the measurement of causes (inputs to the audience) and effects (outputs from the audience); this lack of separation can obscure appropriate inferences in the relationship between cause and effect.  Inputs to the audience are scripted, and are controllable by the maker.  An output is what the designed experience engenders in the end-user, and outputs can include both mental states (satisfaction) and physical activities (heart rate) during the stimulus and subsequently.  Inputs can be maximised by design, whereas to optimise outputs from the end-user, one needs an empirical process because outputs are dependent upon an interpretive process or entry into a biological system.  Outputs will be highly dependent on audience and context, and they will often be quite variable, even in individuals from a similar audience profile. It is critical that, in instruments assessing the relationship between inputs and outputs, controllable inputs to the end-user must not be conflated with outputs engendered in the end-user.

Analysis on Cellular Neural Networks with Negative Slope Activation Function

2013 ◽  
Vol 427-429 ◽  
pp. 2493-2496
Author(s):  
Qi Han ◽  
Qian Xiong ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Jun Peng ◽  
Le Peng Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Activation Function ◽  
Cellular Neural Networks ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

In the paper, the region of the number of equilibrium points of every cell in cellular neural networks with negative slope activation function is considered by the relationship between parameters of cellular neural networks. Some conditions are obtained by using the relationship among connection weights. Depending on these sufficient conditions, inputs and outputs of a CNN, the regions of the values of parameters can be obtained. Some numerical simulations are presented to support the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.

scholarly journals Productivity Changes in the Chinese Provincial Governments

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Guangqiong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Envelope Analysis ◽  
Dea Method ◽  
Data Envelope Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

This paper applies a Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) method to the measurements and evaluations of Chinese provincial governmental productivity. It defines operationally the inputs and outputs of the government and governmental productivity in terms of eight indicators, and calculates the changes in governmental productivity with the DEA method for the period of 1985 to 2003. It decomposes the total factor productivity (TFP) into efficient changes and technical changes, and illustrates the characteristics of the changes in governmental productivity from periods to periods, and analyzes theoretically the characteristic patterns. It compares the differences in changes of governmental productivity among the different regions. In the processes of analysis, we emphasize the effects of administrative and economic reforms on governmental productivity, and the relationship between governmental productivity and administrative and economic reforms.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Tinkering with cognitive gadgets: Cultural evolutionary psychology meets active inference

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Benjamin Badcock ◽  
Axel Constant ◽  
Maxwell James Désormeau Ramstead
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Innovative Research ◽  
Cognitive Faculties ◽  
Cultural Evolutionary ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cognitive Gadgets offers a new, convincing perspective on the origins of our distinctive cognitive faculties, coupled with a clear, innovative research program. Although we broadly endorse Heyes’ ideas, we raise some concerns about her characterisation of evolutionary psychology and the relationship between biology and culture, before discussing the potential fruits of examining cognitive gadgets through the lens of active inference.

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