The Reach of Free Movement and the Gradualist Approach of the CJEU: An Introduction

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mads Andenas
Keyword(s):  
Free Movement

Public Procurement Principles Generated by the Treaty of Rome

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
Ioan-Gabriel Popa
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
European Directives ◽  
Community Institutions ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
General Principles Of Law ◽  
Free Movement Of Goods ◽  
The One

AbstractIn order to understand the principles of public procurement in Romania, it is necessary to analyze, on the one hand, the European directives that regulate the actual public procurement and, on the other hand, the context in which the European directives were adopted. Even with the directives in force, the more general provisions contained in the Treaty of the European Economic Community (EEC) in Rome, hereinafter referred to as the Treaty, are applied, as well as many more general principles of law that will guide the interpretation of these directives. The Treaty was adopted in Rome, in 1957 and became applicable from January 1, 1958. It is considered that the source of the principles of public procurement is the Treaty. Even if in Treaty contained no specific provisions regarding the field of public procurement, it reflects the principles and the general framework for the functioning of the single market, a market characterized through the prism of the fundamental freedoms established by the Treaty: the free movement of goods, services, capital and persons. As the field of public procurement is closely linked to the free movement of goods, this principle is promoted and implemented in the practice of this field based on the regulations, directives and decisions of the Community institutions. The role of the free movement of goods is to harmonize the relationships involved in the process of purchasing goods, but also to ensure the homogeneity, coherence and balance of this process.

Contra Free Movement: South Africa and the SADC Migration Protocols

Africa Today ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
John O. Oucho ◽  
Jonathan Crush
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Free Movement

Regional integration and free movement in Central Africa Integración regional y libre circulación en África Central L'intégration régionale et la libre circulation en Afrique centrale

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Marcel Nono
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
African Union ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Politique Sociale ◽  
Afrique Centrale

A pillar of African emergence and an important issue of political debate that is central to regional integration, free movement is however not yet acquired in Central Africa. Yet a glance at the pre colonial history invites us to believe that Central Africa has been an area of free movement. The recognition of a right that cannot be realized only by an agreement leads to the Central African states pledging to work together in the context of regional integration by recognizing their citizens' right to full mobility. This contribution highlights the efforts, challenges and prospects of free movement in Central Africa by reference to the African Union framework, and asks if the legal and institutional framework of free movement in Central Africa has led to the emergence of a social policy supportive of free movement at the sub regional level. Spanish La libre circulación de personas es un pilar del África emergente, un tema importante en el debate político, un punto central de la integración regional, y sin embargo todavía intangible en África Central. No obstante, una mirada a la historia precolonial nos invita a pensar que África Central ha sido un espacio de libre circulación. El reconocimiento de un derecho que no puede realizarse sólo por un acuerdo, conduce a que los Estados de África Central se comprometan a trabajar juntos en el marco de la integración regional para reconocer el derecho de sus ciudadanos a la movilidad total. Esta contribución destaca los esfuerzos, desafíos y perspectivas de la libre circulación en África Central en referencia con el marco de la Unión Africana, y se pregunta si el marco legal e institucional de la libre circulación en África Central ha llevado a la aparición de una política social que apoye la libre circulación a nivel subregional. French Pilier de l'émergence de l'Afrique, enjeu des débats politiques et de l'intégration, la libre circulation n'est pas encore un acquis en Afrique Centrale. Pourtant, un regard porté sur l'histoire précoloniale nous invite à croire que l'Afrique centrale a été un espace de libre circulation. La reconnaissance d'un droit ne pouvant se faire que par l'objet d'un accord, les États d'Afrique Centrale se sont engagés dans le choix d'une histoire à réaliser ensemble dans le cadre de l'intégration, en consacrant dans des pactes communautaires la pleine mobilité de leurs ressortissants. Cette contribution met en évidence les efforts, défis et perspectives de la libre circulation en Afrique centrale par référence au cadre de l'Union africaine, et pose la question de savoir si le cadre juridique et institutionnel de la libre circulation en Afrique centrale a conduit à l'émergence d'une politique sociale en faveur de la libre circulation au niveau sous régional.

The African Union Protocol on Free Movement: a panacea to end border porosity?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Kehinde Okunade ◽  
Olusola Ogunnubi
Keyword(s):  
Free Movement ◽  
African Union

Analysis of compliance of box sizes to comfortable housing of highly productive cows

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
V. Turlyun
Keyword(s):  
Free Movement ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
The Difference

The analysis of some herds of imported cattle under the conditions of Russian farms had been shown that the genetic potential of imported cattle in many farms has being realized only by 57 %, with the output of up to 50 % of the cattle during the first 2 years. The reason for this is the discrepancy between the conditions of the biological needs of animals. In this regard, the study of factors that affect the provision of comfortable conditions for animals plays an important role. This is especially true for Holstein animals, which are more susceptible to various diseases. In accordance with the technological solutions used in modern large complexes, the loose housing method of maintenance is mainly used. This method allows the animal to move freely, providing access to the consumption of water and feed, as well as timely rest. This determines the importance of the requirements for the size of the boxes for the rest of animals, which should ensure dryness and cleanliness in the process of resting cows, prevent damage to animals, as well as the ability of other animals to displace each other. The crossbars should not interfere with the free movement of the cow in the process of lowering to the floor and getting up due to their flexibility. The dimensions of the boxes should be made taking into account the measurements of the animals’ torso, as well as the amplitude of movement in the process of lowering and rising. The purpose of the research was to study the size of boxes and their compliance with the biological needs of highly productive imported cattle. An analysis of the compliance of conditions for housing highly productive cattle of Canadian and Australian origin with their biological needs under the conditions of a mega farm has been presented in the paper. Calculation on the basis of measurements of animals has been shown that animals of the Canadian selection require boxes with a total length of at least 279 cm, Australian – 271 cm. The difference with the required width of the box has been also established. For the group of cows of Canadian selection it should be at least 120 cm, for the Australian – 114 cm. Research results have been shown that the discrepancy in the design of boxes for comfortable rest of animals is a deterrent to the realization of their genetic productive potential.

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