Coordination of Swallowing and Breathing: How Is the Respiratory Control System Connected to the Swallowing System?

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Oku
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Respiratory Control

Adaptation in the respiratory control system

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 765-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Duffin ◽  
Safraaz Mahamed
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Control System ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Graphical Model ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
System A ◽  
Hypoxia Adaptation ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreflex

Exposure to hypoxia, whether for short or prolonged periods or for repeated episodes, produces alterations in the ventilatory responses. This review presents evidence that these adaptations are likely to be mediated by adaptations in the respiratory chemoreflexes, particularly the peripheral chemoreflex, and proposes models of respiratory control explaining the observed changes in ventilation. After a brief introduction to the respiratory control system, a graphical model is developed that illustrates the operation of the system in the steady state, which will be used later. Next, the adaptations in ventilatory responses to hypoxia that have been observed are described, and methods of measuring the alterations in the chemoreflexes that might account for them are discussed. Finally, experimental data supporting the view that changes in the activity of the peripheral chemoreflex can account for the ventilatory adaptations to hypoxia are presented and incorporated into models of chemoreflex behaviour during exposures to hypoxia of various durations.Key words: respiration, chemoreflexes, hypoxia, adaptation, models.

Relative stability of human respiration during progressive hypoxia

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 1389-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Carley ◽  
D. C. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Control System ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Human Respiration ◽  
Progressive Hypoxia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breathing Room

We have systematically studied the relationship between the relative stability (R) of respiration and the loop gain (LG) of the CO2 control system in 15 healthy awake adult males during progressive hypoxia. R was measured by the ventilatory oscillations after brief (less than 10 s) CO2 challenges. Control theory suggests that such oscillations are completely governed by LG. A significant positive correlation was found between R and LG (r = 0.74, P less than 0.01, n = 85). A minimal mathematical model of respiratory control was used to predict R as a function of LG. Serial correlation analysis (r = 0.09, P greater than 0.1) of the residuals indicated statistical agreement between predictions and observations. The mean residual (0.011) was not significantly different from zero (P greater than 0.1). Also, as the model predicted, sustained periodic breathing (PB) occurred whenever the estimated LG was greater than unity. The mean LG breathing room air was 0.51 and for the 13 epochs of PB was 1.17 (range 0.71-1.65). It is concluded that PB is a quantitative extension of the relative stability continuum and corresponds to unstable operation of the CO2 control system. Furthermore, relative stability can be quantitatively predicted for each subject by a minimal mathematical model.

Stress-induced attenuation of the hypercapnic ventilatory response in awake rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1729-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kinkead ◽  
Lydie Dupenloup ◽  
Nadine Valois ◽  
Roumiana Gulemetova
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Respiratory Homeostasis ◽  
Whole Body Plethysmography ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Hypoxia ◽  
Awake Rats

To test the hypothesis that stress alters the performance of the respiratory control system, we compared the acute (20 min) responses to moderate hypoxia and hypercapnia of rats previously subjected to immobilization stress (90 min/day) with responses of control animals. Ventilatory measurements were performed on awake rats using whole body plethysmography. Under baseline conditions, there were no differences in minute ventilation between stressed and unstressed groups. Rats previously exposed to immobilization stress had a 45% lower ventilatory response to hypercapnia (inspiratory CO2 fraction = 0.05) than controls. In contrast, stress exposure had no statistically significant effect on the ventilatory response to hypoxia (inspiratory O2 fraction = 0.12). Stress-induced attenuation of the hypercapnic response was associated with reduced tidal volume and inspiratory flow increases; the frequency and timing components of the response were not different between groups. We conclude that previous exposure to a stressful condition that does not constitute a direct challenge to respiratory homeostasis can elicit persistent (≥24 h) functional plasticity in the ventilatory control system.

Possible mechanisms of periodic breathing during sleep

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 1000-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Chapman ◽  
E. N. Bruce ◽  
B. Gothe ◽  
N. S. Cherniack
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Loop Gain ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Spontaneous Oscillations ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Arterial O2 Saturation ◽  
Stage 1

To determine the effect of respiratory control system loop gain on periodic breathing during sleep, 10 volunteers were studied during stage 1-2 non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep while breathing room air (room air control), while hypoxic (hypoxia control), and while wearing a tight-fitting mask that augmented control system gain by mechanically increasing the effect of ventilation on arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) (hypoxia increased gain). Ventilatory responses to progressive hypoxia at two steady-state end-tidal PCO2 levels and to progressive hypercapnia at two levels of oxygenation were measured during wakefulness as indexes of controller gain. Under increased gain conditions, five male subjects developed periodic breathing with recurrent cycles of hyperventilation and apnea; the remaining subjects had nonperiodic patterns of hyperventilation. Periodic breathers had greater ventilatory response slopes to hypercapnia under either hyperoxic or hypoxic conditions than nonperiodic breathers (2.98 ± 0.72 vs. 1.50 ± 0.39 l.min-1.Torr-1; 4.39 ± 2.05 vs. 1.72 ± 0.86 l.min-1.Torr-1; for both, P less than 0.04) and greater ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia at a PCO2 of 46.5 Torr (2.07 ± 0.91 vs. 0.87 ± 0.38 l.min-1.% fall in SaO2(-1); P less than 0.04). To assess whether spontaneous oscillations in ventilation contributed to periodic breathing, power spectrum analysis was used to detect significant cyclic patterns in ventilation during NREM sleep. Oscillations occurred more frequently in periodic breathers, and hypercapnic responses were higher in subjects with oscillations than those without. The results suggest that spontaneous oscillations in ventilation are common during sleep and can be converted to periodic breathing with apnea when loop gain is increased.

Basic Oscillating Mechanism of Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

1956 ◽  
Vol 187 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur C. Guyton ◽  
Jack W. Crowell ◽  
John W. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Control System ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Delay System ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Respiratory Centers ◽  
Cheyne Stokes Breathing ◽  
The Brain

Cheyne-Stokes breathing has been induced in 30 dogs by inserting a circulatory delay system between the heart and the brain to prolong the transit time of blood from the lungs to the brain. The duration of each cycle of Cheyne-Stokes breathing increased proportionately with the volume of the delay system and decreased as the perfusion pressure to the brain was increased. Periodic variations in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood were found to be in appropriate phase to stimulate the respiratory centers at the time of maximal ventilation. This supports the theory that Cheyne-Stokes breathing is due to oscillation of the respiratory control system.

Rapid and transient excitation of respiration mediated by central chemoreceptor

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1369-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Arita ◽  
N. Kogo ◽  
K. Ichikawa
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Central Chemoreceptors ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing ◽  
Respiratory Phases ◽  
Stimulation Of

We evaluated rapid and transient changes in phrenic nerve (PN) and internal intercostal (IIC) activities when 0.2-0.5 ml of saline saturated with 100% CO2 was injected into the vertebral artery during various respiratory phases in decerebrated spontaneously breathing cats. The injections evoked an initial transient inhibition of ongoing PN or IIC activity with a mean onset latency of 0.17 s, followed by excitation of subsequent respiratory activities with an onset latency ranging from 0.4 to 2.7 s; the average onset latency of expiratory excitation (1.49 s) was significantly longer than that of inspiratory facilitation (0.89 s). The initial inhibitory responses were analogous to reflex effects of injections of phenyl biguanide, indicating that the initial inhibition was due to activation of vascular nociceptors and the subsequent excitation was due to stimulation of the central chemoreceptors. In addition, CO2-saline injections during hypocapnic apnea developed a quick reappearance of respiratory rhythm, and the first facilitatory effect appeared in tonic IIC activity, which became more active before rhythm started. In summary, the present study, by use of a technique of vertebral arterial injections of 100% CO2-saline, revealed dynamic properties of respiratory control system mediated by central chemoreceptors and vascular nociceptors.

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