The State, Nonstate Actors, and China’s Environmental Performance: Setting the Stage

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-54
Author(s):  
Dan Guttman ◽  
Yijia Jing ◽  
Oran R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
The State ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
Performance Setting

scholarly journals Privatizing Crime Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 679 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Tilley
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Full Responsibility ◽  
Reducing Costs

Crime problems largely result from opportunities, temptations, and provocations that have been provided to offenders unintentionally by those pursuing other private interests. There is a widespread notion that the state and its agencies can and ought to take full responsibility for crime control and that there is, therefore, nothing that nonstate actors can or need to do. In practice, there is little that the state can do directly to address the opportunities, temptations, and provocations for crime; but where crime control responsibilities have been accepted in the private sector, successful measures to reduce opportunities and temptations have been devised and adopted, preventing many crimes and reducing costs that would otherwise fall on the state as well as on victims. This article sets out the reasons why a shift in responsibility for crime prevention from the public to private sector can produce patterns of crime control that are both effective and socially desirable, albeit important roles remain for the public sector in stimulating and supporting such measures.

scholarly journals Professionalization of a Nonstate Actor: A Case Study of the Provisional IRA

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
Irish Republican Army ◽  
The Troubles ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nonstate Actor ◽  
The Creation

Can nonstate militants professionalize? That is the core question of this piece. Discussions of professionalism have spread to the state military from civilian professions such as education, medicine, and law. This piece examines whether nonstate actors exhibit the same fundamental processes found within these state-based organizations. These fundamentals are the creation of a recognized internal ethos, which acts as a collective standard for those involved. A commitment to expertise and the punishment of those who do not reach these collective expectations reinforce this ethos. To answer this question, this piece examines the development of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) during the Troubles. It highlights consistencies and inconsistencies with traditional forces and argues that groups like the PIRA can professionalize and increase their effectiveness in doing so. This widens the field of professionalism studies and provides an additional lens through which to examine nonstate groups.

Economic Diplomacy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Lee ◽  
Brian Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Foreign Ministry

Mainstream studies of diplomacy have traditionally approached international relations (IR) using realist and neorealist frameworks, resulting in state-centric analyses of mainly political agendas at the expense of economic matters. Recently, however, scholars have begun to focus on understanding international relations beyond security. Consequently, there has been a significant shift in the study of diplomacy toward a better understanding of the processes and practices underpinning economic diplomacy. New concepts of diplomacy such as catalytic diplomacy, network diplomacy, and multistakeholder diplomacy have emerged, providing new tools not only to recognize a greater variety of state and nonstate actors in diplomatic practice, but also to highlight the varied and changing character of diplomatic processes. In this context, two themes in the study of diplomacy can be identified. The first is that of diplomat as agent, in IR and international political economy. The second is how to fit into diplomatic agency officials who do not belong to the state, or to a foreign ministry. In the case of the changing environment caused by globalization, economic diplomacy commonly drives the development of qualitatively different diplomatic practices in new and existing economic forums. Four key modes of economic diplomacy are critical to managing contemporary globalization: commercial diplomacy, trade diplomacy, finance diplomacy, and consular visa services in relation to increased immigration flows. The development of these modes of economic diplomacy has shaped the way we think about who the diplomats are, what diplomats do, and how they do it.

scholarly journals Covid-19, STATE CAPACITY, AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE BY NONSTATE ACTORS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittney Koehnlein ◽  
Ore Koren
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
The State ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
Contested Spaces ◽  
First Case ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military

The COVID-19 pandemic has constrained the ability of states across the world to govern and control their territories. As the state reduces its activities, space opens up for violent nonstate actors working for and against the state to fill the vacuum. Highlighting this trend, the present study evaluates the effects of COVID-19 and pandemics more broadly on attacks by nonstate actors. Our theory emphasizes the incentives of both rebels and pro-government nonstate actors (PGNs) to increase their attack frequency as disease spreads and the state retracts its governance activities to preserve resources needed elsewhere. In the first case, we highlight how the pandemic allows rebels to reduce asymmetries of power with respect to the military and establish themselves as a viable government alternative. In the second case, PGNs, which provide an alternative to militaries, are deployed to these contested spaces to thwart or preempt rebellion during the pandemic. Employing daily level data on the annual change in armed conflict and COVID-19 cases across 127 countries between 1 January 2020 and 15 June 2020, we test both claims using an econometric identification strategy. We do not find clear evidence that COVID-19 led to a higher frequency of rebel attacks, suggesting that these groups prefer to bolster their standing using nonviolent means, or avoid fighting and preserve their resources. In contrast, we find that the frequency of PGN attacks has increased with COVID-19 prevalence compared with last year. Case studies of insurgent and PGN activity in Afghanistan and Nigeria lend additional support to these results, illustrating some underlying mechanisms. Our findings explore overlooked challenges that pandemics and other disasters pose to conflict mitigation and the role PGNs play in these contexts.

scholarly journals Environmental governance in China: Interactions between the state and “nonstate actors”

2018 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Guttman ◽  
Oran Young ◽  
Yijia Jing ◽  
Barbara Bramble ◽  
Maoliang Bu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Governance ◽  
The State ◽  
Nonstate Actors

Is Nationalism a Force for Change in Russia?

Daedalus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Laruelle
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
The Future ◽  
State Actors

This essay defines three categories of Russian nationalist actors: nonstate actors, whose agenda is anti-Putin; parastate actors, who have their own ideological niche, not always in tune with the presidential administration's narrative, but who operate under the state umbrella; and state actors, in particular, the presidential administration. In the future, the Russian ethnonationalism embodied by nonstate actors is the main trend that could pose a serious threat to the regime. However, the Kremlin is not “frozen” in terms of ideology, and its flexibility allows it to adapt to evolving situations. One of the most plausible scenarios is the rise of a figure inside the establishment who would be able to prevent the polarization of Russian nationalism into an antiregime narrative and could co-opt some of its slogans and leaders, in order to gradually channel the official narrative toward a more state-controlled nationalism.

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