On the maximum rate of change in sunspot number growth and the size of the sunspot cycle

Solar Physics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Sunspot Cycle ◽  
Rate Of Change

Cyclic Evolution of Sunspots: Gleaning New Results from Old Data

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 163-165
Author(s):  
S. K. Solanki ◽  
M. Fligge ◽  
P. Pulkkinen ◽  
P. Hoyng
Keyword(s):  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Sunspot Cycle ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Butterfly Diagram

AbstractThe records of sunspot number, sunspot areas and sunspot locations gathered over the centuries by various observatories are reanalysed with the aim of finding as yet undiscovered connections between the different parameters of the sunspot cycle and the butterfly diagram. Preliminary results of such interrelationships are presented.

Filtration by superficial and deep glomeruli of normovolemic and volume-depleted rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (1) ◽  
pp. F86-F91
Author(s):  
R. V. Pinnick ◽  
V. J. Savin
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Glomerular Size ◽  
Glomerular Ultrafiltration

We measured glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) of isolated superficial (S) and deep (D) glomeruli of normovolemic and volume-depleted rats. Filtration was induced in vitro, and Kf was calculated from the maximum rate of change in glomerular size. Basement membrane area (A) for each glomerulus was estimated from morphometric analyses, and glomerular capillary hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was calculated by the formula Lp = Kf/A. Kf of S and D glomeruli of normovolemic rats were 2.98 +/- 0.98 and 4.25 +/- 0.07 nl . min-1 . mmHg-1, respectively. In hypovolemic rats, Kf of S glomeruli fell by approximately 50% to 1.52 +/- 0.14 nl . min-1 . mmHg-1 (P less than 0.001), whereas Kf of D glomeruli remained unchanged at 4.28 +/- 0.10 nl . min-1 . mmHg-1. Lp, calculated using the peripheral capillary area, averaged 1.98 +/- 0.09 and 1.98 +/- 0.06 microliter . min-1 . mmHg-1 . cm-2 in S and D glomeruli of normovolemic rats and 1.89 +/- 0.11 microliter . min-1 . mmHg-1 . cm-2 in D glomeruli of hypovolemic rats. Lp of S glomeruli of volume-depleted rats (0.90 +/- 0.03 microliter . min-1 . mmHg-1 . cm-2) was lower than in any of the other three samples. Mild hypovolemia causes the Kf of S glomeruli to decline, whereas Kf of D glomeruli remains constant. The decrease in Kf occurs without an alteration in capillary area and is most likely due to a decrease in Lp.

scholarly journals Динамическое управление мощностью мегаваттного электронного пучка субмиллисекудной длительности в источнике с плазменным катодом

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
М.С. Воробьёв ◽  
П.В. Москвин ◽  
В.И. Шин ◽  
Н.Н. Коваль ◽  
К.Т. Ашурова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Beam Energy ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Beam Power ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Plasma Cathode ◽  
Variable Power

The paper describes a method for a controlled change in the power of an electron beam during a pulse of submillisecond duration, using a source "SOLO" with a plasma cathode. The beam power is controlled by changing the amplitude of the beam current with a corresponding change in the concentration of the emission plasma. This control method allows generating submillisecond beams of variable power (up to 10 MW at a maximum rate of change of no more than 0.5 MW/µs), which can be used for processing various metallic materials in order to change the functional properties of their surface with the ability to control the rate of input of beam energy into the surface of these materials.

Iodoacetate depression in Xenopus sciatic single nerve fibers

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon M. Schoepfle ◽  
Eliska Atkins ◽  
Larry A. Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Sodium Conductance ◽  
Single Nerve ◽  
A Chain

Under conditions of continuous fluid exchange at a pH 7.55, a 10-min exposure of Xenopus sciatic single nerve fibers to iodoacetate results in eventual decline in the maximum rate of change of membrane potential, even after a delay of an hour or more during which no changes are apparent. This delayed effect is obtained over an iodoacetate concentration range of 0.1–20.0 mm sodium iodoacetate. Neither the resting membrane potential nor the maximal limiting response obtained during hyperpolarization are affected at a time when iodoacetate has appreciably depressed the spike in the nonpolarized fiber. These findings are taken to indicate that iodoacetate blocks a chain of reactions at a link remote from the process directly concerned with maintenance of the resting level of the sodium conductance. Neither lactate nor pyruvate can be relied on to bring about recovery from the iodoacetate depression.

A rate nephelometer for measuring specific proteins by immunoprecipitin reactions.

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1456-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
J C Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Machine Readable

Abstract A kinetic nephelometric method and instrument have been developed for the rapid determination of specific serum proteins by means of immunoprecipitin reactions. The maximum rate of change of scattered light intensity in an antigen-antibody reaction can be made to occur within 60 s after initiation of the reaction and provides a measure of the antigen concentration under antibody excess conditions. A mathematical relationship has been found for the conversion of the nonlinear maximum rate data directly into a linear concentration read-out, making possible the use of single-point calibration. Instrument operating parameters and computations are programmed for a particular analysis by means of machine-readable cards. Antigen-excess samples are detected rapidly by injection of calibrator into the reaction mixture after the rate signal has dropped to a pre-selected level. The method correlates well with both radial immunodiffusion and end-point nephelometric methods.

A Clock in the Sun?

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S354) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
C. T. Russell ◽  
J. G. Luhmann ◽  
L. K. Jian
Keyword(s):  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Solar Minimum ◽  
Sunspot Cycle ◽  
Solar Dynamo ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Average Period ◽  
Magnetic Cycle ◽  
Number Cycle ◽  
As If

AbstractThe sunspot cycle is quite variable in duration and amplitude, yet in the long term, it seems to return to solar minimum on schedule, as if guided by a clock with an average period of close to 11.05 years for the sunspot number cycle and 22.1 years for the magnetic cycle. This paper provides a brief review of the sunspot number cycle since 1750, discusses some of the processes controlling the solar dynamo, and provides clues that may add to our understanding of what controls the cadence of the solar clock.

Comparison Between Measured Radiance and a Radiation Model in a Spark-Ignition Engine

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yang ◽  
S. L. Plee ◽  
D. J. Remboski ◽  
J. K. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Radiant Intensity ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

Measurements of the radiant emission in the near infrared have been obtained in a spark-ignition engine over a wide range of operating conditions. The system includes an in-cylinder optical sensor and associated detector. Prior work has shown correlations between the measured radiance and pressure quantities such as maximum cylinder pressure, crank angle of maximum pressure, and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure. Here are presented comparisons between the radiant intensity and a simplified model of the radiation emission, which demonstrate that the measured intensity is a function of the mass-burn fraction, mean burned-gas temperature, and the exposed combustion-chamber surface area. Further simplification leads to the conclusion that the time of the maximum rate of change of radiant intensity is the same as for the maximum heat-release rate, leading to the possibility of feedback control of spark timing. In addition, the magnitudes of the maximum rate of change of radiant emission and maximum heat-release rate have a linear relationship over a range of different operating conditions.

DIFFUSION UNDER CROSSED LOCAL AND GLOBAL BIASES IN DISORDERED SYSTEMS

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (07) ◽  
pp. 1357-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
SITANGSHU BIKAS SANTRA ◽  
WILLIAM A. SEITZ
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Disordered Systems ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Square Lattice ◽  
Site Percolation ◽  
Local Bias ◽  
Random Walker ◽  
Percolation Clusters ◽  
Global Bias

Diffusion on 2D site percolation clusters at p = 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 above pc on the square lattice in the presence of two crossed bias fields, a local bias B and a global bias E, has been investigated. The global bias E is applied in a fixed global direction whereas the local bias B imposes a rotational constraint on the motion of the diffusing particle. The rms displacement Rt ~ tk in the presence of both biases is studied. Depending on the strength of E and B, the behavior of the random walker changes from diffusion to drift to no-drift or trapping. There is always diffusion for finite B with no global bias. A crossover from drift to no-drift at a critical global bias Ec is observed in the presence of local bias B for all disordered lattices. At the crossover, value of the rms exponent changes from k = 1 to k < 1, the drift velocity vt changes from constant in time t to decreasing power law nature, and the "relaxation" time τ has a maximum rate of change with respect to the global bias E. The value of critical bias Ec depends on the disorder p as well as on the strength of local bias B. Phase diagrams for diffusion, drift, and no-drift are obtained as a function of bias fields E and B for these systems.

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