Engelbert Kaempfer's first report of the torpedo fish of the Persian Gulf in the late seventeenth century

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
RobertW. Carrubba ◽  
JohnZ. Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The Tabriz–Trabzon Trade, 1830–1900: Rise and Decline of a Route

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Issawi
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Persian Wars ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Persian Gulf

One of the main obstacles to the development of Iran's foreign trade over the centuries has been the location of its fertile northern provinces, which are shut off from the world's open seas by vast deserts and huge mountain chains. Since these provinces produced the country's most valuable export—silk—and since, after the transfer of the capital to Tehran, they included its largest consuming centers, trade had to be conducted over long caravan routes. In the seventeenth century, much silk was shipped through the Persian Gulf ports, but with the end of the Turco-Persian wars the bulk of Iran's westward trade passed across the Ottoman Empire—through Baghdad, and thence to either the Persian Gulf or the Mediterranean, or through Erzurum (Erzerum), and thence to Istanbul (Constantinople), Izmir (Smyrna) or Aleppo. However, all these routes were long, insecure, and expensive.

MINT CONSOLIDATION AND THE WORSENING OF THE LATE SAFAVID COINAGE: THE MINT OF HUWAYZA

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-539
Author(s):  
Rudi Matthee
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Nous Permet ◽  
Southwestern Iran ◽  
Xviie Siecle ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Premiere Partie

AbstractThe provincial town of Huwayza in Arabistan/Khuzistan, southwestern Iran, was a minting center from the early days of the Safavid period. Huwayza became an especially productive mint in the course of the seventeenth century, issuing a silver coinage, the mahmudi, that became the most widely circulating of all currencies throughout the Persian Gulf basin. A combination of extant mahmudis and written records about these coins permits an analysis that views the coinage of Huwayza through the prism of the economic problems that plagued Iran in the later Safavid period. The focus of the present article is twofold. The first part examines the place of Huwayza in the general consolidation of mints in seventeenth-century Iran and seeks to explain why Arabistan was somewhat of an exception to this trend. Part two makes an effort to substantiate the alleged deterioration of the Huwayza coinage as of the 1660s through numismatic techniques, relates this to the overall monetary situation in the country, and speculates on the causes and reasons for the demise of the Huwayza mahmudi at the turn of the eighteenth century. Huwayza, centre provincial situé en Arabistan/Khuzistan, au sud-ouest de l'Iran, possédait un atelier de monnaie dès le début de l'époque safavide. L'atelier monétaire de Huwayza atteignit son essor productif dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, avec la frappe d'un monnayage d'argent, le mahmudi, qui devint la monnaie la plus repandue dans le bassin entier du golfe Persique et jusqu'aux côtes occidentales de l'Inde. L'étude des pièces de monnaie preservées et des données écrites qui leur sont consacrées, nous permet d'analyser le mahmudi de Huwayza à la lumière des difficultés économiques qui accablaient l'Iran vers la fin de l'époque safavide. Le présent article a un double objectif. La première partie s'interroge sur la place de Huwayza dans l'unification des ateliers de frappe iraniens au XVIIe siècle, et sur les raisons pour lesquelles Huwayza ne s'était pas conformé à cette tendance générale. La seconde partie tente de vérifier, par des techniques numismatiques, la détérioration prétendue de la monnaie de Huwayza à partir de 1660. Enfin, en établissant un rapport entre le mahmudi de Huwayza et les conditions monétaires générales dans le pays, nous évoquons les causes de l'arrêt de l'émission de cette monnaie au tournant du XVIIIe siècle.

The Pearl Fishing in the Persian Gulf

1917 ◽  
Vol 83 (2146supp) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
Edwin E. Calverley
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Pearl Fishing ◽  
The Persian Gulf
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