Rhythmic motor behavior of preambulatory motor impaired, down syndrome and nondisabled children: A comparative analysis

Results of comprehensive surveys (1980 and 1988) were compared relative to physical education for handicapped students. A direct, self-report methodology was used. Statewide (Ohio) samples of 241 (1980) and 242 (1988) physical education teachers participated. Data indicated that the status of physical education for handicapped students had remained the same. By 1988, only 14% of the teachers had contributed to a multidisciplinary staff for developing IEPs. Teachers’ lack of knowledge of PL 94-142 was revealed in both years, and interest in teaching handicapped students was no better than “neutral/mixed” (1988). A majority of teachers in 1980 and 1988 indicated a general need for assistance in motor behavior assessments. By 1988 a majority of teachers (51%) had not received encouragement/support from their administration. In both years, over 75% believed that handicapped students are excluded from participation in physical education due to “nature of handicap” and “functional ability.” Overall, results in 1980 were reaffirmed in 1988. Teachers lacked the ability to provide appropriate physical education for handicapped students.

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Organization of synaptic inputs to paracerebral feeding command interneurons of Pleurobranchaea californica. I. Excitatory inputs

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1983.49.6.1517 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 1517-1538 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

M. P. Kovac ◽

W. J. Davis ◽

E. M. Matera ◽

R. P. Croll

Keyword(s):

Motor Behavior ◽

Lucifer Yellow ◽

Electrical Synapse ◽

Functional Specialization ◽

Synaptic Inputs ◽

Rhythmic Motor ◽

Pleurobranchaea Californica ◽

Long Latency ◽

Chemical Inputs ◽

Dendritic Fields

Neurons presynaptic to the phasic paracerebral feeding command interneurons (PCP's; Ref. 55) of Pleurobranchaea were located in the isolated central nervous system (CNS) and studied anatomically by lucifer yellow injection and physiologically by current injection and intracellular recording in normal and ion-substituted seawater during quiescence and fictive feeding. The present paper describes excitatory inputs to PCP's, while the accompanying paper (54) reports inhibitory inputs. Monosynaptic excitors (MSEs) are a group of at least three monopolar neurons per hemiganglion. Two have similar dendritic structures and functional effects. Each MSE monosynaptically excites the PCP's and fires action-potential bursts in phase with PCP bursts during fictive feeding. The class I electrotonic neuron (ETI) is a single, identified monopolar neuron per hemiganglion with a sparse dendritic arborization and no descending axon in the cerebrobuccal connective (CBC). The ETI is coupled with PCP's only by means of a non-rectifying electrical synapse. Paradoxically, ETI receives opposite synaptic inputs from PCP's and fires in antiphase with PCP's during fictive feeding. Class II electrotonic neurons (ETII's) are a group of at least two identified multipolar neurons per hemiganglion with indistinguishable dendritic architectures and similar but distinguishable functional effects. Each cell is coupled with PCP's by means of a nonrectifying electrical synapse. One of the ETII's also delivers graded, long-latency poly-synaptic chemical inputs to PCP's. ETII's have descending axons in the CBC, elicit fictive feeding when depolarized, and fire cyclically and in phase with PCP's during fictive feeding. Polysynaptic excitors (PSEs) are a group of at least two identified monopolar neurons per hemiganglion with similar elaborate dendritic fields and functional effects. Each cell excites PCP's by a long-latency, relatively nongraded polysynaptic pathway. PSEs also have descending axons in the ipsilateral CBC, elicit fictive feeding when depolarized, and fire in phase with PCP's during fictive feeding. PSEs and ETII's are here recognized as subclasses of neurons previously identified as paracerebral neurons. They are inhibited by the same neurons that supply recurrent inhibition to PCP's (47), share excitatory inputs with PCP's, and exhibit a similar "command" capacity. This study thus documents redundancy and functional specialization within a command system controlling a relatively complex rhythmic motor behavior.

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Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Blockade of Striatal Metabotropic and Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors on Motor Behavior in Rats

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology ◽

10.1007/s11055-014-0018-z ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (9) ◽

pp. 1014-1019

Author(s):

A. F. Yakimovskii ◽

T. V. Kerko

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Glutamate Receptors ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors

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Gross motor skill evaluation in adolescents with Down syndrome

Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior ◽

10.20338/bjmb.v6i2.36 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Melissa Leandro Celestino ◽

Juliana Cazetta Pereira ◽

Ana M. Forti Barela

Keyword(s):

Down Syndrome ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Gross Motor Skills ◽

Object Control ◽

Intervention Protocol ◽

Overhand Throwing ◽

Skill Evaluation ◽

Gross Motor Skill

The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of gross motor skills of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) older than 10 years of age. Nine individuals with DS between 14 and 20 years (17.89±2.20) were recruited from “Centro de Ação Social Espaço Livre”, São Paulo, SP. They were videotaped performing six locomotor skills (running, galloping, hoping, leaping, horizontal jumping, sliding) and six object control skills (striking a stationary ball, stationary dribbling, catching, kicking, overhand throwing, underhand rolling) on one occasion at the same place where they were recruited. All performed skills were analyzed by three trained evaluators according to specific criteria to determine their age equivalent for both locomotor and object control skills. All participants presented age equivalent under their chronological age for all skills. According to these results, we conclude that individuals with DS above 10 years old present a developmental delay on gross motor skills. We also suggest that future investigations take into account an intervention protocol to DS individuals older than 10 years of age in order to verify its effects of it on these individuals’ motor behavior.

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Electromyographic evaluation of the lower limbs of patients with Down syndrome in hippotherapy

Acta Scientiarum Health Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascihealthsci.v39i1.28868 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 17 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mariane Fernandes Ribeiro ◽

Ana Paula Espindula ◽

Alex Abadio Ferreira ◽

Luciane Aparecida Pascucci Sande de Souza ◽

Vicente De Paula Antunes Teixeira

Keyword(s):

Down Syndrome ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Functional Results ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Hippotherapy is a therapeutic method that uses the horse’s movement to achieve functional results in practitioners with Down syndrome (DS), who present motor and neurophysiological changes that affect the musculoskeletal system. Evaluating the motor behavior related to the control and the improvement of muscle activation in practitioners with Down syndrome subjected to hippotherapy. 10 practitioners were divided into two groups: Down Group (DG) – practitioners with DS, and Healthy Group (HG) – practitioners with no physical impairment. The muscles gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius were evaluated by electromyography using gross RMS values, which correspond to muscle activation; the evaluations were performed on the 1st and 10th hippotherapy sessions (frequency: once a week), and after 2 months interval without treatment, they were performed on the 1st and 10th hippotherapy sessions (frequency: twice a week). It was noted that activation of the studied muscles increased with the passing of sessions, regardless the weekly frequency of attendance; however, the period without treatment resulted in reduction of this effect. Practitioners with DS presented satisfactory changes in muscle activation pattern, in learning and in motor behavior during hippotherapy sessions.

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