Specific characteristics of cholinergic mechanisms of short-term memory in monkeys for different types of visual information: The effects of amizil

This study examines whether different types of bilingualism modulate memory capacity differently. More specifically, the study assesses the effects of age of acquisition, number of languages acquired and proficiency in the L2 on phonological short-term memory, visuospatial memory and semantic memory.DesignMemory capacity was measured by means of three tasks: digit span task (phonological short-term memory), Corsi block task (visuospatial memory) and word span task (semantic memory). Participants were divided into five groups based on the number of languages acquired, age of acquisition and proficiency: monolinguals, intermediate L2 learners, advanced L2 learners, simultaneous bilinguals and multilinguals.Data and analysisAnalyses of variance were used to analyze participants’ scores for each of the memory tasks.Findings and conclusionsFor the word span task, no significant differences were found among the groups, which supports the notion that semantic memory is language independent. Furthermore, intermediate and advanced L2 learners and multilinguals presented significantly higher phonological short-term memory spans compared to simultaneous bilinguals. Finally, intermediate L2 learners and multilinguals significantly outperformed monolinguals on visuospatial memory spans. Results suggest that L2 acquisition might strengthen both visuospatial and phonological short-term memory, which in turn tend to improve as L2 proficiency increases.OriginalityWhile previous studies have provided evidence of a bilingual advantage in memory capacity, these studies have generally grouped different types of bilinguals together (e.g., L2 leaners and heritage speakers). This study takes a step forward by examining differences on memory capacity across different types of bilinguals and in comparison to their monolingual peers in order to better understand the cognitive effects of bilingualism.Significance and implicationsWhen considering age of acquisition, number of languages acquired and proficiency as grouping factors, different effects of bilingualism on memory capacity can be observed. Future studies on this matter should include bilingual participants that are comparable with regard to the aforementioned variables.

Distinct rCBF Pattern During Different Types of Short-Term Memory Activation

Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Measurement ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-70054-5_11 ◽

1985 ◽

pp. 81-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Z. Mubrin ◽

S. Knežević ◽

B. Barac ◽

N. Gubarev ◽

M. Lazić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Different Types ◽

Memory Activation

Using AI-Based Classification Techniques to Process EEG Data Collected during the Visual Short-Term Memory Assessment

Journal of Sensors ◽

10.1155/2020/8767865 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Milos Antonijevic ◽

Miodrag Zivkovic ◽

Sladjana Arsic ◽

Aleksandar Jevremovic

Keyword(s):

Visual Information ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Support Vector ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Memory Assessment ◽

Visual Short Term Memory ◽

Eeg Data ◽

Short Period

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is defined as the ability to remember a small amount of visual information, such as colors and shapes, during a short period of time. VSTM is a part of short-term memory, which can hold information up to 30 seconds. In this paper, we present the results of research where we classified the data gathered by using an electroencephalogram (EEG) during a VSTM experiment. The experiment was performed with 12 participants that were required to remember as many details as possible from the two images, displayed for 1 minute. The first assessment was done in an isolated environment, while the second assessment was done in front of the other participants, in order to increase the stress of the examinee. The classification of the EEG data was done by using four algorithms: Naive Bayes, support vector, KNN, and random forest. The results obtained show that AI-based classification could be successfully used in the proposed way, since we were able to correctly classify the order of the images presented 90.12% of the time and type of the displayed image 90.51% of the time.

Stable maintenance of multiple representational formats in human visual short-term memory

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.2006752117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 117 (51) ◽

pp. 32329-32339

Author(s):

Jing Liu ◽

Hui Zhang ◽

Tao Yu ◽

Duanyu Ni ◽

Liankun Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Information ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Higher Order ◽

Semantic Representations ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Visual Short Term Memory ◽

Stable Maintenance

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) enables humans to form a stable and coherent representation of the external world. However, the nature and temporal dynamics of the neural representations in VSTM that support this stability are barely understood. Here we combined human intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings with analyses using deep neural networks and semantic models to probe the representational format and temporal dynamics of information in VSTM. We found clear evidence that VSTM maintenance occurred in two distinct representational formats which originated from different encoding periods. The first format derived from an early encoding period (250 to 770 ms) corresponded to higher-order visual representations. The second format originated from a late encoding period (1,000 to 1,980 ms) and contained abstract semantic representations. These representational formats were overall stable during maintenance, with no consistent transformation across time. Nevertheless, maintenance of both representational formats showed substantial arrhythmic fluctuations, i.e., waxing and waning in irregular intervals. The increases of the maintained representational formats were specific to the phases of hippocampal low-frequency activity. Our results demonstrate that human VSTM simultaneously maintains representations at different levels of processing, from higher-order visual information to abstract semantic representations, which are stably maintained via coupling to hippocampal low-frequency activity.

Sensory Recruitment in Visual Short-Term Memory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Sensory Visual Cortex Interference Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

10.31222/osf.io/hxu84 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Phivos Phylactou ◽

Artemis Traikapi ◽

Marietta Papadatou-Pastou ◽

Nikos Konstantinou

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Visual Information ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Maintenance Phase ◽

Brain Network ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Meta Analyses

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) links perception with higher cognitive processes by maintaining visual information that is absent from the environment. Yet, it remains unclear if sensory visual cortex is a necessary component of the brain network that underlies short-term maintenance of visual information. Previous reviews remain inconclusive and open to interpretation. Here, we aimed to systematically identify and review studies that have investigated the role of the sensory visual cortex in VSTM using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a method that allows exploration of causal relationships, and to quantitatively explore the effect of TMS interference on the sensory visual cortex during VSTM using meta-analytic methodology. Thirteen studies were identified and qualitatively reviewed. Out of those, seven studies provided sufficient statistical data for meta-analysis and yielded a total of 30 effect sizes, which were included in the meta-analyses. Two meta-analyses were conducted, one regarding the encoding phase of VSTM (19 effect sizes), and one regarding the maintenance phase of VSTM (11 effect sizes). The results from the systematic review and the two meta-analyses indicate that the sensory visual cortex is likely involved in both the encoding and maintenance phase of VSTM. In some cases, evidence did not show significant effects of TMS, however, this is suggested to be due to low memory load or low perceptual task demands. Overall, these findings support the idea that sensory visual areas are part of the brain network responsible for successfully maintaining information in short-term memory when no physical stimulus is present in the environment.

Some Properties of Visual Short-Term Memory

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1968.27.3f.1155 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 27 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1155-1158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel N. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Visual Information ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Time Varying ◽

Tracking Accuracy ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Visual Short Term Memory ◽

Long Duration ◽

Term Storage

Ss were exposed to discontinuously presented signals in a compensatory tracking task. Signals were “on” for durations of 16.7, 50, 150, 300, or 500 msec. followed by “off” periods of the same durations. From measures of tracking accuracy under the various on-off combinations, the following conclusions emerge: (a) most of the utilizable visual information is present in the first 15 to 50 msec.; (b) the short-term storage capacity, i.e., the temporal range over which the system can “coast” without input, extends to at least 300 msec.; (c) measures taken under stimulating conditions of long duration and time-varying characteristics result in different assessments of visual short-term memory than those obtained under two-flash (transient response) conditions.

Proactive Interference and Intertrial Interval in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.839 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 839-846 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Michel Guay

Keyword(s):

Proactive Interference ◽

Visual Information ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Time Estimation ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Term Retention ◽

Retention Intervals ◽

Variable Errors

The main purpose was to examine the role of proactive interference in temporal short-term memory when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, made without time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals were used: immediate reproduction, 15, and 30 sec. of rest. The three intertrial intervals were immediate, 15, and 30 sec. Constant error was used as an index of bias. The constant errors provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in temporal short-term memory. The lack of proactive interference was not associated with intertrial intervals; even when the intertrial intervals were shortened to 1 sec. no proactive interference was observed. Variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. The variable errors for the 4- and 8-sec. durations seemed amenable to a trace-decay explanation.

Distractor-resistant Short-Term Memory Is Supported by Transient Changes in Neural Stimulus Representations

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_01141 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (9) ◽

pp. 1547-1565 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jan Derrfuss ◽

Matthias Ekman ◽

Michael Hanke ◽

Marc Tittgemeyer ◽

Christian J. Fiebach

Keyword(s):

Visual Information ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Active Maintenance ◽

Two Samples ◽

Prefrontal Cortices

Goal-directed behavior in a complex world requires the maintenance of goal-relevant information despite multiple sources of distraction. However, the brain mechanisms underlying distractor-resistant working or short-term memory (STM) are not fully understood. Although early single-unit recordings in monkeys and fMRI studies in humans pointed to an involvement of lateral prefrontal cortices, more recent studies highlighted the importance of posterior cortices for the active maintenance of visual information also in the presence of distraction. Here, we used a delayed match-to-sample task and multivariate searchlight analyses of fMRI data to investigate STM maintenance across three extended delay phases. Participants maintained two samples (either faces or houses) across an unfilled pre-distractor delay, a distractor-filled delay, and an unfilled post-distractor delay. STM contents (faces vs. houses) could be decoded above-chance in all three delay phases from occipital, temporal, and posterior parietal areas. Classifiers trained to distinguish face versus house maintenance successfully generalized from pre- to post-distractor delays and vice versa, but not to the distractor delay period. Furthermore, classifier performance in all delay phases was correlated with behavioral performance in house, but not face, trials. Our results demonstrate the involvement of distributed posterior, but not lateral prefrontal, cortices in active maintenance during and after distraction. They also show that the neural code underlying STM maintenance is transiently changed in the presence of distractors and reinstated after distraction. The correlation with behavior suggests that active STM maintenance is particularly relevant in house trials, whereas face trials might rely more strongly on contributions from long-term memory.

The Effect of Cognitive Control on Different Types of Auditory Distraction

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000372 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 359-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Raoul Bell ◽

Jan P. Röer ◽

John E. Marsh ◽

Dunja Storch ◽

Axel Buchner

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Auditory Distraction ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Order Processing ◽

State Effect ◽

Different Types ◽

Stimulus Materials ◽

Deviation Effect

Abstract. Deviant as well as changing auditory distractors interfere with short-term memory. According to the duplex model of auditory distraction, the deviation effect is caused by a shift of attention while the changing-state effect is due to obligatory order processing. This theory predicts that foreknowledge should reduce the deviation effect, but should have no effect on the changing-state effect. We compared the effect of foreknowledge on the two phenomena directly within the same experiment. In a pilot study, specific foreknowledge was impotent in reducing either the changing-state effect or the deviation effect, but it reduced disruption by sentential speech, suggesting that the effects of foreknowledge on auditory distraction may increase with the complexity of the stimulus material. Given the unexpected nature of this finding, we tested whether the same finding would be obtained in (a) a direct preregistered replication in Germany and (b) an additional replication with translated stimulus materials in Sweden.