The quirk signal at FASER and FASER 2

Abstract We study FASER and FASER 2 sensitivities to the quirk signal by simulating the motions of quirks that are travelling through several infrastructures from the ATLAS interaction point to the FASER (2) detector. The ionization energy losses for a charged quirk travelling in different materials are treated carefully. We calculate the expected numbers of quirk events that can reach the FASER (2) detector for an integrated luminosity of 150 (3000) fb−1. Scenarios for quirks with four different quantum numbers, and different masses and confinement scales are studied.

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The energy spectrum of the component of the cosmic radiation

Canadian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1139/p68-299 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. S578-S582 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

P. S. Freier ◽

C. J. Waddington

Keyword(s):

Energy Spectrum ◽

Ionization Energy ◽

Cosmic Radiation ◽

Integral Intensity ◽

Cosmic Ray ◽

Energy Losses ◽

Ionization Energy Loss ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Source Spectra ◽

Acceleration Term

Three large stacks of nuclear emulsions were exposed during 1964–66 on high-altitude balloons launched from Fort Churchill, Canada; Texas, U.S.A.; and Hyderabad, India. These stacks have been used to study the energy spectrum of the cosmic-ray nuclei of calcium and heavier (the so-called VH nuclei). These measurements result in integral intensity values for energies greater than 7.1, 1.58, and 1.00 GeV per nucleon, together with differential intensities over the range [Formula: see text] MeV per nucleon. Differential intensities were also found for lighter nuclei over varying energy ranges. The differential spectrum observed has a maximum value of about 1.6 × 10−3 nuclei/m2 sr s MeV per nucleon around [Formula: see text] MeV per nucleon and falls off at both higher and lower energies. These values are based on the observation of a total of some 1 600 VH nuclei. The energy spectrum has been compared with that observed at similar times for the helium nuclei in order to study the influences of ionization energy losses during propagation of these high-Z nuclei. These observations are interpreted as implying that if the source spectra of the VH nuclei and the helium nuclei are similar, then the VH nuclei have traversed less than 1 g/cm2 of matter while ionization energy loss has been the dominant acceleration term.

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Ionization energy losses of relativistic positrons passing through a silicon single crystal and electron emission

Radiation Effects ◽

10.1080/00337578308218613 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 71 (3-4) ◽

pp. 185-189

Author(s):

D. I. Adejshvili ◽

G. L. Bochek ◽

V. I. Vit'Ko ◽

V. G. Gorbenko ◽

I. A. Grishaev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Crystal ◽

Electron Emission ◽

Ionization Energy ◽

Silicon Single Crystal ◽

Energy Losses

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About determination of the threshold ionization energy losses for the latent tracks formation in crystalline Si 3 N 4

BULLETIN of the L N Gumilyov Eurasian National University Physics Astronomy Series ◽

10.32523/2616-68-36-2019-129-4-8-14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 129 (4) ◽

pp. 8-14

Author(s):

A. Ibrayeva ◽

◽

A. Janse van Vuuren ◽

V. Skuratov ◽

M. Zdorovets ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionization Energy ◽

Energy Losses ◽

Threshold Ionization

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A μ+μ- Quantum Collider using Novel Crystal-Based Accelerator Components

International Journal of Modern Physics A ◽

10.1142/s0217751x97001675 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 12 (18) ◽

pp. 3181-3192

Author(s):

S. A. Bogacz ◽

D. B. Cline

Keyword(s):

Energy Loss ◽

Ionization Energy ◽

Beam Optics ◽

Interaction Point ◽

Collision Point ◽

Ionization Energy Loss ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Model Cell ◽

Cooling Mechanism ◽

Bent Crystals

We outline a concept of a 250 × 250 GeV μ+ μ- collider that uses bent crystals for beam confinement and steering instead of conventional magnets. The collider ring is based on a novel bending-focusing crystal cell. Beam optics of the proposed model cell has all the features of the alterating gradient FODO cell. Furthermore, alternating (horizontal-vertical) focusing provides unique betatron phase stability in both planes, while bending of particle trajectories due to crystal curvature is fully achromatic. We also explore the ionization energy loss of channeling muons interacting with the electron gas in a crystal channel as a possible cooling mechanism. Finally, a use of low Z binary crystals (such as LiF) for final focus at the interaction point is proposed. Bringing the μ+μ- into collision inside a crystal channel results in quantum confinement at the collision point. For such a collider the number of required μ± may be very low (~108μ per pulse), so that this collider has few problems from μ → e backgrounds or heating, which is a virtue of paramount importance. A low intensity hadronic μ± source (p + A → π → μ) can be utilized provided that an effective method of fast muon cooling is used. For example, the use of frictional cooling for low energy μ± beams could initially reduce the longitudinal phase–space, before the final transverse cooling is applied. Here, we outline such a "crystal cooler" that explores ionization energy loss in the ultrastrong focusing environment of a crystal channel. Employing all the above-mentioned novel crystal-based accelerator components, a possible luminosity of about 1032 cm-2 sec-1, is estimated for the proposed quantum collider. We also discuss a list of problems one needs to solve in order to make such a collider a real possibility.

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