Optimisation of an in vitro larvae test to test the effects of plant protection products on honeybee brood (Apis mellifera L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothee J. Lüken ◽  
Martina Janke ◽  
Friedrich-Wilhelm Lienau ◽  
Katharina Gerdel ◽  
Werner von der Ohe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products

Toxicokinetic mixture effects of co-formulants and active substances in plant protection products in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 350 ◽  
pp. S237
Author(s):  
M. Karaca ◽  
B. Fischer ◽  
C.T. Willenbockel ◽  
P. Marx-Stoelting ◽  
D. Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Mixture Effects ◽  
Active Substances

scholarly journals Screening of Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of 90 Commercial Essential Oils against 10 Pathogens of Agronomical Importance

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1418
Author(s):  
Caroline De Clerck ◽  
Simon Dal Maso ◽  
Olivier Parisi ◽  
Frédéric Dresen ◽  
Abdesselam Zhiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Organosulfur Compounds

Nowadays, the demand for a reduction of chemical pesticides use is growing. In parallel, the development of alternative methods to protect crops from pathogens and pests is also increasing. Essential oil (EO) properties against plant pathogens are well known, and they are recognized as having an interesting potential as alternative plant protection products. In this study, 90 commercially available essential oils have been screened in vitro for antifungal and antibacterial activity against 10 plant pathogens of agronomical importance. EOs have been tested at 500 and 1000 ppm, and measures have been made at three time points for fungi (24, 72 and 120 h of contact) and every two hours for 12 h for bacteria, using Elisa microplates. Among the EOs tested, the ones from Allium sativum, Corydothymus capitatus, Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Eugenia caryophyllus, and Litsea citrata were particularly efficient and showed activity on a large panel of pathogens. Among the pathogens tested, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, and Fusarium graminearum were the most sensitive, while Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Phytophthora infestans were the less sensitive. Some EOs, such as the ones from A. sativum, C. capitatus, C. cassia, C. zeylanicum, C. citratus, C. flexuosus, E. caryophyllus, and L. citrata, have a generalist effect, and are active on several pathogens (7 to 10). These oils are rich in phenols, phenylpropanoids, organosulfur compounds, and/or aldehydes. Others, such as EOs from Citrus sinensis, Melaleucacajputii, and Vanilla fragrans, seem more specific, and are only active on one to three pathogens. These oils are rich in terpenes and aldehydes.

In vitro skin sensitization test methods: Applicability to plant protection products

2021 ◽  
Vol 350 ◽  
pp. S88
Author(s):  
A. Grivel ◽  
C. Pecoraro-Mercier ◽  
H. Tinwell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Skin Sensitization

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of the Metabolite M44 of Bixafen, One of the Active Substancesin Aviator Xpro EC225

2019 ◽  
pp. 317-318
Author(s):  
Jan Ludvig Lyche ◽  
Hubert Dirven ◽  
Marit Låg ◽  
Asbjørn Magne Nilsen ◽  
Katrine Borgå ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Guidance Document ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Historical Control Data ◽  
The Eu

Aviator Xpro EC 225 containing the active substance bixafen was assessed by VKM in spring 2013, and it was concluded that the metabolite M44 has potential for groundwater contamination. Furthermore, VKM assessed in late 2013 the relevance of this metabolite in accordance with the EU guidance document on metabolites in groundwater, and concluded that the malformations observed in rabbits exposed to the metabolite should be considered treatment related. VKM also concluded that the data presented to evaluate the possible genotoxic properties of the metabolite was insufficient to reach a conclusion. Based on this, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority rejected the approval of Aviator Xpro EC 225. The applicant has now submitted results from an in vivo study to strengthen the basis for assessment of genotoxic properties, and also submitted new historical controls in relation to the experimental studies on foetal developmental effects in rabbits. The VKM Panel on Plant Protection Products has discussed the questions raised by The Norwegian Food Safety Authority on the basis of the new data, and has the following opinion: On the assessment of genotoxic properties of the M44 metabolite of bixafen, one of the active ingredients of Aviator Xpro EC 225. It is the view of VKM Panel on Plant Protection Products that the new in vivo mouse micronucleus study, supplemented together with a separate study demonstrating bioavailability, overrides the results of the in vitro clastogenicity studies. Taken together, it is the opinion of VKM that under the conditions studied, M44 should be considered as non-genotoxic. On the assessment of the relevance of the foetal malformations in M44 exposed animals. VKMs Panel on Plant Protection products has assessed the arguments and new historical control data presented by the applicant, intended to show that metabolite M44 is not teratogenic. It is however the opinion of the Panel that the arguments and the new historical data provided by the applicant do not alter the panel’s previous conclusion; that the malformations observed in rabbits exposed to the metabolite M44 should be considered treatment related.

scholarly journals Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel) on testing and interpretation of comparative in vitro metabolism studies

EFSA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Antonio F Hernandez‐Jerez ◽  
Paulien Adriaanse ◽  
Annette Aldrich ◽  
Philippe Berny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
In Vitro Metabolism ◽  
Scientific Opinion

scholarly journals Effects of co-formulants on the absorption and secretion of active substances in plant protection products in vitro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mawien Karaca ◽  
Benjamin Christian Fischer ◽  
Christian Tobias Willenbockel ◽  
Tewes Tralau ◽  
Philip Marx-Stoelting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Anisotropy ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Mixture Effects ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Do So

AbstractCurrently, the authorisation process for plant protection products (PPPs) relies on the testing of acute and topological toxicity only. Contrastingly, the evaluation of active substances includes a more comprehensive set of toxicity studies. Nevertheless, mixture effects of active ingredients and co-formulants may result in increased toxicity. Therefore, we investigated effects of surface active co-formulants on the toxicity of two PPPs focussing on qualitative and quantitative toxicokinetic effects on absorption and secretion. The respective products are based on the active substances abamectin and fluroxypyr-meptyl and were tested for cytotoxicity in the presence or absence of the corresponding surfactants and co-formulants using Caco-2 cells. In addition, the effect of co-formulants on increased cellular permeation was quantified using LC–MS/MS, while potential kinetic mixture effects were addressed by fluorescence anisotropy measurements and ATPase assays. The results show that surface active co-formulants significantly increase the cytotoxicity of the investigated PPPs, leading to more than additive mixture effects. Moreover, analytical investigations show higher efflux ratios of both active substances and the metabolite fluroxypyr upon combination with certain concentrations of the surfactants. The results further point to a significant and concentration-dependent inhibition of Pgp transporters by most of the surfactants as well as to increased membrane fluidity. Altogether, these findings strongly support the hypothesis that surfactants contribute to increased cytotoxicity of PPPs and do so by increasing the bioavailability of the respective active substances.

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