International Pesticide Operator Safety Meeting 2021: hand-held application scenarios in low- and middle-income countries

AbstractAn international web meeting on the topic of operator safety for pesticide operators was held on 20–21 September 2021. The meeting provided an opportunity for experts from regulatory agencies, pesticide industry, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and other organizations to discuss operator safety in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The meeting focused on risk assessment and risk mitigation, the first steps to address operator safety. The key message at the meeting was the need for an operator exposure model that includes common hand-held scenarios used in LMIC and consistent personal protective equipment communication. The experts supported a transparent collaborative process that will enable us to build on the past efforts.

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Obesities: A New Peer-Reviewed Open-Access Interdisciplinary Journal Fostering Research on Multifactorial Obesity and Associated Cardiometabolic Disorders

Obesities ◽

10.3390/obesities1010002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 26-28

Author(s):

Bruno Guigas

Keyword(s):

Open Access ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Past ◽

Urban Transition ◽

Cardiometabolic Disorders ◽

Interdisciplinary Journal ◽

Low And Middle Income

Obesity prevalence has increased continuously over the past 50 years, a dramatic worldwide expansion not only limited to industrialized countries but also observed in a large number of low- and middle-income countries experiencing rapid rural–urban transition [...]

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Tobacco Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Changing the Present to Help the Future

The Journal of Smoking Cessation ◽

10.1017/jsc.2018.4 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 187-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bethany Hipple Walters ◽

Ionela Petrea ◽

Harry Lando

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

World Health ◽

Second Hand Smoke ◽

Vulnerable Children ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Past ◽

Second Hand Smoke Exposure ◽

Health Organization ◽

Low And Middle Income

While the global smoking rate has dropped in the past 30 years (from 41.2% of men in 1980 to 31.1% in 2012 and from 10.6% of women in 1980 to 6.2% in 2012), the number of tobacco smokers has increased due to population growth (Ng et al., 2014). This tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure continue to harm people worldwide. Those harmed are often vulnerable: children, those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), those with existing diseases, etc. As noted by the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 80% of those who smoke live in a LMIC (World Health Organization, 2017). Furthermore, it is often those who are more socio-economically disadvantaged or less educated in LMICs that are exposed to second-hand smoke at home and work (Nazar, Lee, Arora, & Millett, 2015).

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Cost Effectiveness of Environmental Lead Risk Mitigation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

GeoHealth ◽

10.1002/2017gh000109 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 87-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bret Ericson ◽

Jack Caravanos ◽

Conrado Depratt ◽

Cynthia Santos ◽

Mishelle Gomez Cabral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Risk Mitigation ◽

Middle Income ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low And Middle Income

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Confronting the Vector of Tobacco-Related Disease

American Journal of Law & Medicine ◽

10.1177/009885881303900207 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 39 (2-3) ◽

pp. 308-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Matthew Allen

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Past ◽

Premature Deaths ◽

Current Trends ◽

Significant Burden ◽

Tobacco Epidemic ◽

Low And Middle Income

It has been estimated that the use of tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year, with most deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. This disparity is expected to increase over the next few decades. On the basis of current trends, tobacco use will kill more than 8 million people worldwide per annum by 2030, with eighty percent of those premature deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. The significant burden of morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco use is well documented and proven and will not be repeated here.The evidence base for addressing the tobacco epidemic domestically, regionally, and globally has developed in a systematic fashion over the past five decades. Effective measures for tobacco control are now well known and have been canvassed widely in the published literature.

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Tuberculosis innovations mean little if they cannot save lives

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.25956 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Madhukar Pai ◽

Jennifer Furin

Keyword(s):

New Technologies ◽

Middle Income ◽

Innovative Technologies ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Past ◽

Financial Investments ◽

Implementation Gaps ◽

Urgent Action ◽

Low And Middle Income

The past decade has seen the emergence of new diagnostics and drugs for tuberculosis, a disease that kills over 1.8 million people each year. However, these new tools are yet to reach scale, and access remains a major challenge for patients in low and middle income countries. Urgent action is needed if we are committed to ending the TB epidemic. This means raising the level of ambition, embracing innovation, increasing financial investments, addressing implementation gaps, and ensuring that new technologies reach those who need them to survive. Otherwise, the promise of innovative technologies will never be realized.

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Do Antimicrobial Proteins Contribute to Overcoming the Hidden Antifungal Crisis at the Dawn of a Post-Antibiotic Era?

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms7010016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

László Galgóczy ◽

Florentine Marx

Keyword(s):

Fungal Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Proteins ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Past ◽

Identification Techniques ◽

Low And Middle Income

The incidence of fungal infections has been grossly underestimated in the past decades as a consequence of poor identification techniques and a lack of regular epidemiologic surveys in low- and middle-income countries [...]

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Global Access to Radiotherapy Services: Have We Made Progress During the Past Decade?

Journal of Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.2015.001545 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 207-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Mei Ling Yap ◽

Eduardo Zubizarreta ◽

Freddie Bray ◽

Jacques Ferlay ◽

Michael Barton

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Utilization Rate ◽

International Agency ◽

Cancer Type ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Past ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Low And Middle Income

Purpose The global incidence of cancer is rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Radiotherapy is an important cancer treatment in the curative and palliative setting. We aimed to estimate the global demand for and supply of radiotherapy megavoltage machines (MVMs) and assess the changes in supply and demand during the past decade. Materials and Methods Cancer incidences for 27 cancer types in 184 countries were extracted from the International Agency for Research on Cancer GLOBOCAN database. The Collaboration for Cancer Outcomes Research and Evaluation radiotherapy utilization rate (RTU) model was used to estimate the number of patients in each country with an indication for radiotherapy for each cancer type and estimate the demand for MVMs. The radiotherapy supply data were accessed from Directory of Radiotherapy Centres database maintained by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Results RTU varied by country, from 32% in Mongolia to 59% in Comoros. The average optimal world RTU was 50%, equating to 7 million people in 2012 who would benefit from radiotherapy. There remains a deficit of more than 7,000 machines worldwide. During the past decade, the gap between radiotherapy demand and supply has widened in low-income countries. Conclusion RTU varies significantly between countries. Approximately half of all patients with cancer worldwide should receive radiotherapy; however, more than 2 million people are unable to access it because of a lack of MVMs. Low- and middle-income countries are particularly disadvantaged by this deficit.

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Condom Social Marketing Effects in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review Update, 1990 to 2019

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/0890117119864921 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 91-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael D. Sweat ◽

Teresa Yeh ◽

Caitlin Kennedy ◽

Kevin O’Reilly ◽

Kevin Armstrong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Condom Use ◽

Social Marketing ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Past ◽

Condom Social Marketing ◽

Low And Middle Income

Objective: To update the prior systematic review from studies published in the past 9 years that examine the effects of condom social marketing (CSM) programs on condom use in low- and middle-income countries. Data Sources: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and EMBASE. Hand searching of AIDS, AIDS and Behavior, AIDS Care, and AIDS Education and Prevention. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: (a) Published from 1990 to January 16, 2019, (b) low- or middle-income country, (c) evaluated CSM, (d) analyses across preintervention to postintervention exposure or across multiple study arms, (e) measured condom use behavior, and (f) sought to prevent HIV transmission. Data Extraction: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 2 reviewers extracted citation, inclusion criteria, methods, study population, setting, sampling, study design, unit of analysis, loss to follow-up, comparison group characteristics, intervention characteristics, and eligible outcome results. Data Synthesis: The 2012 review found 6 studies (combined N = 23 048). In a meta-analysis, the pooled odds ratio for condom use was 2.01 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-2.84) for the most recent sexual encounter and 2.10 (95% CI: 1.51-2.91) for a composite of all condom use outcomes. Studies had significant methodological limitations. Of 518 possible new citations identified in the update, no new articles met our inclusion criteria. Conclusions: More studies are needed with stronger methodological rigor to help provide evidence for the continued use of this approach globally. There is a dearth of studies over the past decade on the effectiveness of CSM in increasing condom use in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).

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Current Concepts Imaging in COVID-19 and the Challenges for Low and Middle Income Countries

Journal of Global Radiology ◽

10.7191/jgr.2020.1106 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jeffrey Mendel ◽

Justine Lee ◽

David Rosman

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Past ◽

Current State ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

The Uk ◽

Low And Middle Income

With nearly 3,800,000 cases and 270,000 deaths reported worldwide, COVID-19 is a global pandemic unlike any we have seen in our lifetimes (1). As early as 1995, the WHO was warning of a global infectious disease crisis, citing 30 new infectious diseases emerging in the past 20 years, loss of antibiotic effectiveness, low rates of immunization, poverty, and inadequate investment in public health contributing to the more than 17 million people dying each year from infectious diseases, principally in Low and Middle Income countries (LMIC) (2). Unlike previous infectious diseases, at the time of this writing over 63% of the total reported cases of COVID-19 are in 6 High Income Countries (HIC): USA, Italy, Spain, France, Germany and the UK. Information concerning the imaging findings in COVID-19 has been rapidly disseminated from the centers first affected by the pandemic. This article attempts to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the imaging findings in COVID-19, focusing on pulmonary findings, and offer recommendation for the use of imaging for diagnosis and surveillance of COVID-19, particularly in LMIC.

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