Dynamic bargaining with voluntary participation and externalities

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Okada
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Dynamic Bargaining

scholarly journals Changes of Walking Activity During the First Cycle Phases of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Seoul, Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 193758672110265
Author(s):  
Youngjun Park ◽  
Haekwon Chung ◽  
Sohyun Park
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Walking Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Government

Aim: This study explores the changes in regular walking activities during the phases of the pandemic. Background: With the spread of COVID-19 transmission, people are refraining from going out, reducing their physical activity. In South Korea, COVID-19 broke out in the 4th week of 2020 and experienced the first cycle phases of the pandemic, such as outbreak, widespread, and decline. In response to the pandemic, the government encouraged voluntary participation in social distancing campaigns, and people reduced their outside activities. Methods: This article examines the decrease and increase of the Prevalence of Regular Walking (≥30 min of moderate walking a day, on ≥5 days a week) by the COVID-19 phases. This study is based on weekly walking data for 15 weeks in 2020, via the smartphone healthcare app, which is managed by 25 public health offices of the Seoul government. Results: According to the findings, the level of prevalence of regular walking (PRW) has a significant difference before and after the outbreak, and every interval of the four-stage COVID-19 phases, that is, pre-pandemic, initiation, acceleration, and deceleration. The level of PRW sharply decreased during initiation and acceleration intervals. In the deceleration interval of COVID-19, the PRW kept increasing, but it has not yet reached the same level as the previous year when the COVID-19 did not exist. Conclusions: As a preliminary study, this study explains empirically how COVID-19 changed PRW in Seoul. It would be helpful to enhance our understanding of the changes in physical inactivity in the pandemic period.

Developing a Lay First Responder Program in Chad: A 12-Month Follow-Up Evaluation of a Rural Prehospital Emergency Care Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 546-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canaan J. Hancock ◽  
Peter G. Delaney ◽  
Zachary J. Eisner ◽  
Eric Kroner ◽  
Issa Mahamet-Nuur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Prehospital Emergency Care ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
First Responder ◽  
Taxi Drivers ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Prehospital Emergency ◽  
Motorcycle Taxi

AbstractIntroduction:The World Health Organization (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) recommends lay first responder (LFR) programs as a first step toward establishing formal Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to address injury. There is a scarcity of research investigating LFR program development in predominantly rural settings of LMICs.Study Objective:A pilot LFR program was launched and assessed over 12 months to investigate the feasibility of leveraging pre-existing transportation providers to scale up prehospital emergency care in rural, low-resource settings of LMICs.Methods:An LFR program was established in rural Chad to evaluate curriculum efficacy, using a validated 15-question pre-/post-test to measure participant knowledge improvement. Pre-/post-test score distributions were compared using a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. For test evaluation, each pre-test question was mapped to its corresponding post-test analog and compared using McNemar’s Chi-Squared Test to examine knowledge acquisition on a by-question basis. Longitudinal prehospital care was evaluated with incident reports, while program cost was tracked using a one-way sensitivity analysis. Qualitative follow-up surveys and semi-interviews were conducted at 12 months, with initial participants and randomly sampled motorcycle taxi drivers, and used a constructivist grounded theory approach to understand the factors motivating continued voluntary participation to inform future program continuity. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used to guide design, analysis, and reporting the qualitative results.Results:A total of 108 motorcycle taxi participants demonstrated significant knowledge improvement (P <.001) across three of four curricular categories: scene safety, airway and breathing, and bleeding control. Lay first responders treated 71 patients over six months, encountering five deaths, and provided patient transport in 82% of encounters. Lay first responders reported an average confidence score of 8.53/10 (n = 38). In qualitative follow-up surveys and semi-structured interviews, the ability to care for the injured, new knowledge/skills, and the resultant gain in social status and customer acquisition motivated continued involvement as LFRs. Ninety-six percent of untrained, randomly sampled motorcycle taxi drivers reported they would be willing to pay to participate in future training courses.Conclusion:Lay first responder programs appear feasible and cost-effective in rural LMIC settings. Participants demonstrate significant knowledge acquisition, and after 12 months of providing emergency care, report sustained voluntary participation due to social and financial benefits, suggesting sustainability and scalability of LFR programs in low-resource settings.

Gender Differences on Attitudes and Participation in an Extracurricular Gymnastics Course Among Greek University Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios C. Milosis ◽  
Athanasios G. Papaioannou ◽  
Theophanis A. Siatras ◽  
Miltiadis Proios ◽  
Michael Proios
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Path Structure ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

The aims of the study were (a) to test the effectiveness of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict Greek university students’ voluntary participation in an extracurricular gymnastics course, and (b) to evaluate gender differences. Two hundred sixty-three (127 female, 136 male) students participated in the study. Students’ attitudes, intention, and PBC were measured with a questionnaire and their attendance in the course was recorded by the teacher. Results from the MANOVA conducted showed that females had higher scores compared with males in all observed variables. Results from the structural equation modeling (SEM) employed supported the usefulness of TPB to explain students’ attitudes and behavior toward extracurricular physical activities (PA). Differences also emerged on path structure of the relationships among the variables.

Costly Voting

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Börgers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Majority Voting ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Voting Rules ◽  
Value Model ◽  
Private Value ◽  
Two Alternatives ◽  
Costly Voting

What are good voting rules if voting is costly? We analyze this question for the case that an electorate chooses among two alternatives. In a symmetric private value model of voting we show that majority voting with voluntary participation Pareto-dominates majority voting with compulsory participation as well as random decision-making.

Making Sense of Community Action and Voluntary Participation-A Multilevel Test of Multilevel Hypotheses: Do Communities Act?

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Cope ◽  
Alex Currit ◽  
Jeremy Flaherty ◽  
Ralph B. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Making Sense
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