This chapter on animal models of depression includes a summary of additional approaches to modeling a depression-like phenotype in animals. Several risk genes have been evaluated, including genes involved in dopamine, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor signaling. Using a two-hit model, some investigators have examined the effects of early life stress combined with stress in adulthood to unmask the risk for a depression-like phenotype. Female mice were more sensitive than male mice to a sub-chronic paradigm of chronic variable stress and displayed depression-like behavioral changes. A naturally occurring depression-like phenotype has also been documented in captive social groups of cynomolgous monkeys. Three additional approaches to study mechanisms involved in the onset of depression have included stress and neurogenesis, stress and epigenetic alterations in gene transcription, and stress and immune signaling through proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these experiments have identified multiple potential targets for future drug development.