Psychoactive drugs and false memory: comparison of dextroamphetamine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on false recognition

Do participants in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (DRM) procedure demonstrate false memory because they think of nonpresented critical words during study and confuse them with words that were actually presented? In two experiments, 160 participants studied eight visually presented DRM lists at a rate of 2 s or 5 s per word. Half of the participants rehearsed silently; the other half rehearsed overtly. Following study, the participants' memory for the lists was tested by recall or recognition. Typical false memory results were obtained for both memory measures. More important, two new results were observed. First, a large majority of the overt-rehearsal participants spontaneously rehearsed approximately half of the critical words during study. Second, critical-word rehearsal at study enhanced subsequent false recall, but it had no effect on false recognition or remember judgments for falsely recognized critical words. Thinking of critical words during study was unnecessary for producing false memory.

Download Full-text

EXPRESS: Drawing Individual Images Benefits Recognition Accuracy in the DRM Paradigm

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/17470218211056498 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174702182110564

Author(s):

Jacob Namias ◽

Mark Huff ◽

Allison Smith ◽

Nicholas Maxwell

Keyword(s):

Signal Detection ◽

False Memory ◽

False Recognition ◽

Recognition Accuracy ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Task ◽

Drm Paradigm ◽

Memory Accuracy ◽

Reduction Experiment ◽

Drawing Task

We examined the effects of drawing on correct and false recognition within the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm. In Experiment 1, we compared drawing of a word’s referent using either a standard black pencil or colored pencils relative to a read-only control group. Relative to reading, drawing in either black or colored pencil similarly boosted correct recognition and reduced false recognition. Signal-detection analyses indicated that drawing reduced the amount of encoded memory information for critical lures and increased monitoring, indicating that both processes contributed to the false recognition reduction. Experiment 2 compared drawing of individual images of DRM list items relative to drawing integrated images using sets of DRM list items. False recognition was lower for drawing of individual images relative to integrated images—a pattern that reflected a decrease in encoded memory information but not monitoring. Therefore, drawing individual images improves memory accuracy in the DRM paradigm relative to a standard read-control task and an integrated drawing task, which we argue is due to the recruitment of item-specific processing.

Download Full-text

Autobiographical Brand Images Give a Higher Chance to False Memory as Compared to Neutral Images

Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal ◽

10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohsen Shabani ◽

◽

Javad Salehi ◽

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

False Memory ◽

False Recognition ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Distractor Task ◽

Local Market ◽

Memory Mechanism ◽

Emotional Perception ◽

Prior Experiences

Consumers’ prior experiences shape an episodic memory which largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that a brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from those of other types of images. In this study, we hypothesized that brand pictures have a higher chance to create false memories as compared to neutral ones. We investigated this hypothesis using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm with lists of brand pictures from the local market and associated neutral images from the international affective picture system. Thirty graduate students were exposed to image stimuli followed by a distractor task and a recognition task. After the test of normality, reaction times, and false recognition rates of brands and neutral images were statistically compared using a pairwise t-test. The results showed a significant decrease in reaction times and an increase in false recognition rates of brand pictures as compared to neutral ones. Interestingly, the effect of gender on the creation of false memory by autobiographical brand images was not significant. We hope these findings could pave the way for a better understanding of the false memory mechanism.

Download Full-text

The role of decision criterion in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) false recognition memory: False memory falls and rises as a function of restriction on criterion setting

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1080/17470218.2016.1256416 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 499-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jerwen Jou ◽

Eric E. Escamilla ◽

Mario L. Arredondo ◽

Liann Pena ◽

Richard Zuniga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

False Memory ◽

False Recognition ◽

False Memories ◽

Decision Criterion ◽

Forced Choice ◽

Choice Test ◽

Critical Lure ◽

Criterion Setting ◽

Choice Restriction

How much of the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) false memory is attributable to decision criterion is so far a controversial issue. Previous studies typically used explicit warnings against accepting the critical lure to investigate this issue. The assumption is that if the false memory results from using a liberally biased criterion, it should be greatly reduced or eliminated by an explicit warning against accepting the critical lure. Results showed that warning was generally ineffective. We asked the question of whether subjects can substantially reduce false recognition without being warned when the test forces them to make a distinction between true and false memories. Using a two-alternative forced choice in which criterion plays a relatively smaller role, we showed that subjects could indeed greatly reduce the rate of false recognition. However, when the forced-choice restriction was removed from the two-item choice test, the rate of false recognition rebounded to that of the hit for studied list words, indicating the role of criterion in false recognition.

Download Full-text

Autobiographical Brand Images Give a Higher Chance to False Memory as Compared to Neutral Images

Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal ◽

10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohsen Shabani ◽

◽

Javad Salehi ◽

Reza Khosrowabadi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

False Memory ◽

False Recognition ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Distractor Task ◽

Local Market ◽

Memory Mechanism ◽

Emotional Perception ◽

Prior Experiences

Consumers’ prior experiences shape an episodic memory which largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that a brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from those of other types of images. In this study, we hypothesized that brand pictures have a higher chance to create false memories as compared to neutral ones. We investigated this hypothesis using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm with lists of brand pictures from the local market and associated neutral images from the international affective picture system. Thirty graduate students were exposed to image stimuli followed by a distractor task and a recognition task. After the test of normality, reaction times, and false recognition rates of brands and neutral images were statistically compared using a pairwise t-test. The results showed a significant decrease in reaction times and an increase in false recognition rates of brand pictures as compared to neutral ones. Interestingly, the effect of gender on the creation of false memory by autobiographical brand images was not significant. We hope these findings could pave the way for a better understanding of the false memory mechanism.

Download Full-text

Questioning the Role of Forward Associative Strength in False Memories: Evidence From Deese-Roediger-McDermott Lists With Three Critical Lures

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724594 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Soledad Beato ◽

Jason Arndt

Keyword(s):

False Memory ◽

Associative Strength ◽

False Recognition ◽

False Memories ◽

Free Association ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Drm Paradigm ◽

Backward Associative Strength

We report an experiment examining the factors that produce false recognition in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We selectively manipulated the probability that critical lures produce study items in free association, known as forward associative strength (FAS), while controlling the probability that study items produce critical lures in free association, known as backward associative strength (BAS). Results showed that false recognition of critical lures failed to differ between strong and weak FAS conditions. Follow-up correlational analyses further supported this outcome, showing that FAS was not correlated with false recognition, despite substantial variability in both variables across our stimulus sets. However, these correlational analyses did produce a significant and strong relationship between BAS and false recognition. These results support views that propose false memory is produced by activation spreading from study items to critical lures during encoding, which leads critical lures to be confused with episodically-experienced events.

Download Full-text

Age Differences in Hippocampus-Cortex Connectivity during True and False Memory Retrieval

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617713001069 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 1031-1041 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Pedro M. Paz-Alonso ◽

Pamela Gallego ◽

Simona Ghetti

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

False Memory ◽

Associative Strength ◽

False Recognition ◽

Memory Retrieval ◽

Developmental Differences ◽

Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽

High Association ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽

Functional Patterns

AbstractThe present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated developmental differences in functional connectivity associated with true and false memory retrieval. A sample of 8- to 9-year-olds and adults (N = 31) was assessed with the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, known to induce high levels of false recognition of lures that are semantically associated with studied items. The strength of semantic association among list items was manipulated. Relative to children, adults correctly recognized more studied items and falsely recognized more critical lures. High-association lists resulted in higher recognition of both studied items and critical lures. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that, overall, true recognition was supported by coupling within two hippocampal-temporal and fronto-parietal set of regions; in contrast, coupling among more distributed hippocampal-temporal-parietal-frontal regions was observed during false recognition. Critically, adults, compared to children, exhibited stronger hippocampal/parietal coupling and stronger hippocampal/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) coupling for veridical recognition of high-associative strength items. In contrast, children, compared to adults, exhibited stronger hippocampus/ventrolateral PFC coupling and stronger bilateral middle-temporal gyrus/ventrolateral PFC coupling for high-associative strength critical lures. Our results underscored a role for the anterior hippocampus in true and false recognition, showing different functional patterns as a function of age and association strength. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)

Download Full-text

Warnings Reduce False Memories for Missing Aspects of Events

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000087 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 207-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Matthew P. Gerrie ◽

Maryanne Garry

Keyword(s):

False Recognition ◽

Source Monitoring ◽

False Memories ◽

Monitoring Framework

When people see movies with some parts missing, they falsely recognize many of the missing parts later. In two experiments, we examined the effect of warnings on people’s false memories for these parts. In Experiment 1, warning subjects about false recognition before the movie (forewarnings) reduced false recognition, but warning them after the movie (postwarnings) reduced false recognition to a lesser extent. In Experiment 2, the effect of the warnings depended on the nature of the missing parts. Forewarnings were more effective than postwarnings in reducing false recognition of missing noncrucial parts, but forewarnings and postwarnings were similarly effective in reducing false recognition of crucial missing parts. We use the source monitoring framework to explain our results.

Download Full-text