EXPRESS: Drawing Individual Images Benefits Recognition Accuracy in the DRM Paradigm

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110564
Author(s):  
Jacob Namias ◽  
Mark Huff ◽  
Allison Smith ◽  
Nicholas Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
False Memory ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Drm Paradigm ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Reduction Experiment ◽  
Drawing Task

We examined the effects of drawing on correct and false recognition within the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm. In Experiment 1, we compared drawing of a word’s referent using either a standard black pencil or colored pencils relative to a read-only control group. Relative to reading, drawing in either black or colored pencil similarly boosted correct recognition and reduced false recognition. Signal-detection analyses indicated that drawing reduced the amount of encoded memory information for critical lures and increased monitoring, indicating that both processes contributed to the false recognition reduction. Experiment 2 compared drawing of individual images of DRM list items relative to drawing integrated images using sets of DRM list items. False recognition was lower for drawing of individual images relative to integrated images—a pattern that reflected a decrease in encoded memory information but not monitoring. Therefore, drawing individual images improves memory accuracy in the DRM paradigm relative to a standard read-control task and an integrated drawing task, which we argue is due to the recruitment of item-specific processing.

scholarly journals Reducing False Recognition in the Deese-Roediger/McDermott Paradigm: Related Lures Reveal How Distinctive Encoding Improves Encoding and Monitoring Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Huff ◽  
Glen E. Bodner ◽  
Matthew R. Gretz
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Test Generation ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Correct Recognition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drm Paradigm ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Memory Monitoring

In the Deese-Roediger/McDermott (DRM) paradigm, distinctive encoding of list items typically reduces false recognition of critical lures relative to a read-only control. This reduction can be due to enhanced item-specific processing, reduced relational processing, and/or increased test-based monitoring. However, it is unclear whether distinctive encoding reduces false recognition in a selective or global manner. To examine this question, participants studied DRM lists using a distinctive item-specific anagram generation task and then completed a recognition test which included both DRM critical lures and either strongly related lures (Experiment 1) or weakly related lures (Experiment 2). Compared to a read-control group, the generate groups showed increased correct recognition and decreased false recognition of all lure types. We then estimated the separate contributions of encoding and retrieval processes using signal-detection indices. Generation improved correct recognition by both increasing encoding of memory information for list words and by increasing memory monitoring at test. Generation reduced false recognition by reducing the encoding of memory information and by increasing memory monitoring at test. The reduction in false recognition was equivalent for critical lures and related lures, indicating that generation globally reduces the encoding of related non-presented items at study (not just critical lures), while globally increasing list-theme-based monitoring at test.

scholarly journals Questioning the Role of Forward Associative Strength in False Memories: Evidence From Deese-Roediger-McDermott Lists With Three Critical Lures

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Soledad Beato ◽  
Jason Arndt
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Associative Strength ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Free Association ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Drm Paradigm ◽  
Backward Associative Strength

We report an experiment examining the factors that produce false recognition in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We selectively manipulated the probability that critical lures produce study items in free association, known as forward associative strength (FAS), while controlling the probability that study items produce critical lures in free association, known as backward associative strength (BAS). Results showed that false recognition of critical lures failed to differ between strong and weak FAS conditions. Follow-up correlational analyses further supported this outcome, showing that FAS was not correlated with false recognition, despite substantial variability in both variables across our stimulus sets. However, these correlational analyses did produce a significant and strong relationship between BAS and false recognition. These results support views that propose false memory is produced by activation spreading from study items to critical lures during encoding, which leads critical lures to be confused with episodically-experienced events.

Thinking of Critical Words During Study Is Unnecessary for False Memory in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott Procedure

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Seamon ◽  
Ihno A. Lee ◽  
Sarah K. Toner ◽  
Rachel H. Wheeler ◽  
Madeleine S. Goodkind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Critical Word ◽  
False Recall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Overt Rehearsal ◽  
Critical Words

Do participants in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (DRM) procedure demonstrate false memory because they think of nonpresented critical words during study and confuse them with words that were actually presented? In two experiments, 160 participants studied eight visually presented DRM lists at a rate of 2 s or 5 s per word. Half of the participants rehearsed silently; the other half rehearsed overtly. Following study, the participants' memory for the lists was tested by recall or recognition. Typical false memory results were obtained for both memory measures. More important, two new results were observed. First, a large majority of the overt-rehearsal participants spontaneously rehearsed approximately half of the critical words during study. Second, critical-word rehearsal at study enhanced subsequent false recall, but it had no effect on false recognition or remember judgments for falsely recognized critical words. Thinking of critical words during study was unnecessary for producing false memory.

Item-specific and relational processing both improve recall accuracy in the DRM paradigm

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1493-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J Huff ◽  
Glen E Bodner
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Correct Recognition ◽  
Relational Processing ◽  
Drm Paradigm ◽  
Recall Accuracy ◽  
Relational Encoding ◽  
Task Difference

Using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm, Huff and Bodner found that both item-specific and relational variants of a task improved correct recognition, but only the item-specific variants reduced false recognition, relative to a read-control condition. Here, we examined the outcome pattern when memory was tested using free recall, using the same item-specific versus relational task variants across three experiments as our previous study (processing instructions, pleasantness ratings, anagram generation). The outcome pattern in recall was similar to recognition, except relational processing at study actually reduced the DRM illusion, though not as much as item-specific processing. To reconcile this task difference, we suggest that the memory information laid down during relational encoding enhances the familiarity of the critical items at test. To the extent that familiarity is used less as a basis for responding in free recall than in recognition, relational processing ironically reduces rather than increases the DRM illusion in recall.

Can test list context manipulations improve recognition accuracy in the DRM paradigm?

Memory ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 862-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Gunter ◽  
Stacey Ivanko ◽  
Glen Bodner
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Test List ◽  
Drm Paradigm

Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Prospective Memory and False Memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 1313-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Green ◽  
Paul D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Word List ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Time ◽  
Group 15

Research demonstrates that acute exercise can enhance retrospective episodic memory performance. However, limited research has examined the effects of acute exercise on prospective memory, and no studies have examined the effects of exercise on false memory performance. This study examined the potential effects of acute exercise on prospective memory and false memory performance. A between-group randomized controlled trial was employed, with participants (college students; Mage = 20 years) randomized into an exercise group (15-minute acute bout of treadmill walking; N = 25) or a control group (15 minutes of sitting; N = 26). Prospective memory was assessed from two laboratory and two naturalistic assessments outside the lab. False memory was assessed using a word-list trial. There were no statistically significant differences in prospective memory based on group allocation (FGroup×Time = 1.17; P = 0.32; η2 = 0.06). However, the control group recalled more false words and had a higher rate of false memory recognition (FGroup×Time = 3.15; P = 0.01; η2 = 0.26). These findings indicate that acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is not associated with prospective memory performance but provides some suggestive evidence that acute exercise may reduce the rate of false memories.

scholarly journals Visuospatial cognitive tests for the evaluation of patients with Parkinson's disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Ceres Silva Pena ◽  
Emmanuelle Silva Tavares Sobreira ◽  
Carolina Pinto Souza ◽  
Guiomar Nascimento Oliveira ◽  
Vitor Tumas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
Drawing Task ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Visuospatial Functions ◽  
Visual Organization

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor disturbances, neuropsychological symptoms and cognitive changes, including cases of dementia. The most frequently described cognitive changes in these patients involve executive and visuospatial functions, which are very important for the execution of daily life activities. Objective: To compare different tests used to examine visuospatial functions in patients with PD. Methods: Thirty-five patients (21 women) with PD symptoms (medicated and "on") and mean schooling of 5.5±4.2 years were examined using the following tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), Scales of Outcomes of Parkinson's Disease (SCOPA-COG), Hooper Visual Organization Test (HVOT), Judgment of Line Orientation, Form V (JLO), and Clock drawing task - CLOX (1 and 2). Results: The mean MMSE score was 24.8±3.03 and 54.8% of the patients performed correctly in the copy of a pentagon drawing, with a medium-level performance in most tests. Good correlations were detected between JLO versus SCOPA Assembling patterns (0.67), JLO versus HVOT (0.56), JLO versus CLOX2 (0.64), SCOPA Figure Composition versus HVOT (0.54), CLOX1 versus CLOX2 (0.43), and DRS Construction versus CLOX2 (0.42). Discussion: Although correlations were detected, not all were strong, probably because the tests employed do not measure solely visuospatial functions, but also other skills such as attention, motor ability and executive functions. A limitation of the present study was the lack of a control group for the establishment of adequate standards for this population.

scholarly journals When True Recognition Suppresses False Recognition: Evidence from Amnesic Patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 668-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Schacter ◽  
Mieke Verfaellie ◽  
Michael D. Anes ◽  
Carrie Racine
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Study List ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Normal Controls

False recognition occurs when people mistakenly claim that a novel item is familiar. After studying lists of semantically related words, healthy controls show extraordinarily high levels of false recognition to nonstudied lures that are semantic associates of study list words. In previous experiments, we found that both Korsakoff and non-Korsakoff amnesic patients show reduced levels of false recognition to semantic associates, implying that the medial temporal/diencephalic structures that are damaged in amnesic patients are involved in the encoding and/or retrieval of information that underlies false recognition. These data contrast with earlier results indicating greater false recognition in Korsakoff amnesics than in control subjects. The present experiment tests the hypothesis that greater or lesser false recognition of semantic associates in amnesic patients, relative to normal controls, can be demonstrated by creating conditions that are more or less conducive to allowing true recognition to suppress false recognition. With repeated presentation and testing of lists of semantic associates, control subjects and both Korsakoff and non-Korsakoff amnesics showed increasing levels of true recognition across trials. However, control subjects exhibited decreasing levels of false recognition across trials, whereas Korsakoff amnesic patients showed increases across trials and non-Korsakoff amnesics showed a fluctuating pattern. Consideration of signal detection analyses and differences between the two types of amnesic patients provides insight into how mechanisms of veridical episodic memory can be used to suppress false recognition.

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