Fat Processing Techniques: A Narrative Review

AbstractAutologous fat grafting is an aesthetic and reconstructive procedure in which an individual's own fat is harvested and injected into the soft tissues to correct contour and other abnormalities. Fat graft is considered the ideal soft tissue filler for its biocompatibility, lack of immunogenicity, and availability. The entire procedure of harvesting, processing, and transfer of fat graft affects fat graft take and effectiveness of fat grafting. This article will focus on the most common methods of fat graft processing, including centrifugation, cotton gauze rolling, sedimentation, and filtration/washing. The fragility of the harvested adipocytes makes the technique of fat graft processing of utmost importance, as blood and other unnecessary cellular fragments are removed. Each fat graft processing method has its own merits and shortcomings; however, due to a lack of well-defined prospective studies, there is no evidence to support one processing method as superior to another.

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An Overview of Digital Image Processing and Recognition (Invited Paper)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100055837 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 700-702

Author(s):

R. C. Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

New York ◽

Digital Image Processing ◽

Digital Image ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Submarine Cable ◽

Vigorous Growth ◽

Digitized Pictures ◽

Processing Techniques ◽

And Storage

Interest in digital image processing techniques dates back to the early 1920's, when digitized pictures of world news events were first transmitted by submarine cable between New York and London. Applications of digital image processing concepts, however, did not become widespread until the middle 1960's, when third-generation digital computers began to offer the speed and storage capabilities required for practical implementation of image processing algorithms. Since then, this area has experienced vigorous growth, having been a subject of interdisciplinary research in fields ranging from engineering and computer science to biology, chemistry, and medicine.

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Digital phase analysis in interference electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100106272 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 842-843

Author(s):

S. Hasegawa ◽

T. Kawasaki ◽

J. Endo ◽

M. Futamoto ◽

A. Tonomura

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Phase Distribution ◽

Magnetic Recording Media ◽

Electron Wave ◽

Vector Potentials ◽

Weak Magnetic Fields ◽

Leakage Magnetic Field ◽

Optical Reconstruction ◽

Processing Techniques

Interference electron microscopy enables us to record the phase distribution of an electron wave on a hologram. The distribution is visualized as a fringe pattern in a micrograph by optical reconstruction. The phase is affected by electromagnetic potentials; scalar and vector potentials. Therefore, the electric and magnetic field can be reduced from the recorded phase. This study analyzes a leakage magnetic field from CoCr perpendicular magnetic recording media. Since one contour fringe interval corresponds to a magnetic flux of Φo(=h/e=4x10-15Wb), we can quantitatively measure the field by counting the number of finges. Moreover, by using phase-difference amplification techniques, the sensitivity for magnetic field detection can be improved by a factor of 30, which allows the drawing of a Φo/30 fringe. This sensitivity, however, is insufficient for quantitative analysis of very weak magnetic fields such as high-density magnetic recordings. For this reason we have adopted “fringe scanning interferometry” using digital image processing techniques at the optical reconstruction stage. This method enables us to obtain subfringe information recorded in the interference pattern.

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Specific Labeling of Protein Domains with Antibody Fragments

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100098587 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 416-417

Author(s):

U. Aebi ◽

L.E. Buhle ◽

W.E. Fowler

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Specific Protein ◽

Antibody Fragments ◽

Supramolecular Organization ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Ordered Structures ◽

Virus Capsids ◽

Processing Techniques

Many important supramolecular structures such as filaments, microtubules, virus capsids and certain membrane proteins and bacterial cell walls exist as ordered polymers or two-dimensional crystalline arrays in vivo. In several instances it has been possible to induce soluble proteins to form ordered polymers or two-dimensional crystalline arrays in vitro. In both cases a combination of electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens with analog or digital image processing techniques has proven extremely useful for elucidating the molecular and supramolecular organization of the constituent proteins. However from the reconstructed stain exclusion patterns it is often difficult to identify distinct stain excluding regions with specific protein subunits. To this end it has been demonstrated that in some cases this ambiguity can be resolved by a combination of stoichiometric labeling of the ordered structures with subunit-specific antibody fragments (e.g. Fab) and image processing of the electron micrographs recorded from labeled and unlabeled structures.

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