scholarly journals The twisted structure of the fetal calcaneal tendon is already visible in the second trimester

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Szaro ◽  
Grzegorz Witkowski ◽  
Bogdan Ciszek
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Calcaneal Tendon ◽  
Medial Head ◽  
Plantaris Tendon ◽  
Layer Method ◽  
Congenital Disabilities ◽  
Lateral Head

Abstract Introduction The progress in morphological science results from the greater possibilities of intra-pubic diagnosis and treatment of congenital disabilities, including the motor system. However, the structure and macroscopic development of the calcaneal tendon have not been investigated in detail. Studies on the adult calcaneal tendon showed that the calcaneal tendon is composed of twisted subtendons. This study aimed to investigate the internal structure of the fetal calcaneal tendon in the second trimester. Materials and methods Thirty-six fetuses fixed in 10% formaldehyde were dissected using the layer-by-layer method and a surgical microscope. Results The twisted structure of the calcaneal tendon was revealed in all specimens. The posterior layer of the calcaneal tendon is formed by the subtendon from the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, the anterior layer is formed by the subtendon from the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The subtendon from the soleus muscle constitutes the anteromedial outline of the calcaneal tendon. The lateral outline of the calcaneal tendon is formed by the subtendon originating from the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, the medial outline is formed by the subtendon from the soleus muscle. In most of the examined limbs, the plantaris tendon attached to the tuber calcanei was not directly connected to the calcaneal tendon. Conclusions The twisted structure of the subtendons of the fetal calcaneal tendon is already visible in the second trimester and is similar to that seen in adults.

scholarly journals Distribution of the subtendons in the midportion of the Achilles tendon revealed in vivo on MRI

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Szaro ◽  
Walter Cifuentes Ramirez ◽  
Simon Borkmann ◽  
Alexander Bengtsson ◽  
Mateusz Polaczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Plantaris Tendon ◽  
Lateral Head

Abstract The aim of the study was to check if the subtendons of the Achilles tendon can be identified in vivo on MRI in the midportion of the tendon. The relation of the plantaris tendon to the Achilles tendon was also examined. A retrospective study of 200 MRI of ankle joints including the Achilles tendon was conducted. Statistical analysis of the correlation between the possibility of identifying the subtendons and the side, gender, presence of the central soleus tendon and plantaris tendon variation was performed. The inter-observer agreement between two reviewers in their evaluation of the subtendons was assessed using kappa statistics. The subtendon from the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle was identified in 65% (k = 0.63) and was located in the anterior part of the Achilles tendon. The subtendon from the soleus muscle was recognized in 12% (k = 0.75) comprising anterior part of the tendon. In 6% the subtendon from the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle was identified (k = 0.58). The central soleus tendon was identified in 85% of cases. Statistical analysis shows the weak correlation of the presence of the central soleus tendon and the possibility of identifying the subtendon from the soleus muscle. The plantaris tendon was directly related to the insertion of the Achilles tendon in 42.5%. Identification of the subtendons of the Achilles tendon on MRI is challenging, and most often it is only possible to find the subtendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle.

Dimensional and dynamic features of mammalian gastrocnemius muscle

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (5) ◽  
pp. 951-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Single Muscle ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Tension Development ◽  
Mechanical Advantage ◽  
Medial Head ◽  
Isometric Twitch ◽  
Whole Muscle ◽  
Tetanic Tension ◽  
Lateral Head

Attempts were made to determine how behavior of the separate heads of the rat gastrocnemius muscle are related to give responses characteristic of the whole muscle. The lateral head is heavier and shows greater isometric twitch tension than the medial head; the sum of the twitch tensions approximates values for whole muscle. Isometric tetanus tensions of the two heads are of equal magnitude; their sum is only 68% of the value for whole muscle, the deficit being due to loss of mechanical advantage by being separated. Maximum rates of isometric twitch and tetanus tension development and decay are slower in the medial than in the lateral head. The sum of the rates of twitch development approximates the value for whole muscle; the sum of rates of tetanic tension development is 65% of the value for whole muscle, this deficit also being due to loss of mechanical advantage. The medial head has a longer latent period and twitch contraction time and a greater degree of twitch fusion than the lateral head. Load-velocity curves of separate heads are similar and resemble the responses of two halves of a single muscle split lengthwise.

Gastrocnemius Flap for Proximal Leg Reconstruction

2019 ◽  
pp. 863-872
Author(s):  
Howard N. Langstein ◽  
Elaina Y. Chen ◽  
Nicholas A. Wingate
Keyword(s):  
Operative Technique ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Myocutaneous Flap ◽  
Muscle Flap ◽  
Medial Head ◽  
Gastrocnemius Flap ◽  
Lateral Head

The gastrocnemius muscle flap has long been known as a workhorse flap for leg reconstruction given its reliability and ease of harvest. Its utility is varied, but it is especially useful for deep wounds of the proximal third of the leg with exposed vital structures or hardware. This chapter describes the preoperative markings and operative technique for the standard harvest of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, with variations such as island muscle flap, lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle flap, and gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap. Alternatives such as propeller flaps are discussed as well. The gastrocnemius flap is one of many reliable and versatile flaps that plastic surgeons have in their armamentarium of options to reconstruct any defect of the leg.

scholarly journals Fabrication of cyanine dye thin films grown by a layer-by-layer method

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 076402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junpei Nagauchi ◽  
Osamu Kojima ◽  
Takashi Kita ◽  
YongGu Shim
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Cyanine Dye ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Layer Method

Synthesis of fly-ash cenospheres coated with polypyrrole using a layer-by-layer method

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (44) ◽  
pp. 445301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Li ◽  
Bing Wang ◽  
Chuang Li ◽  
Jianfeng Pang ◽  
Jianping Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Layer Method ◽  
Fly Ash Cenospheres

Obturator Nerve Transfer to the Branch of the Tibial Nerve Innervating the Gastrocnemius Muscle for the Treatment of Sacral Plexus Nerve Injury

Neurosurgery ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Yin ◽  
Huihao Chen ◽  
Chunlin Hou ◽  
Jianru Xiao ◽  
Haodong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Tibial Nerve ◽  
Nerve Transfer ◽  
Obturator Nerve ◽  
Surgical Reconstruction ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Medial Head ◽  
Anterior Branch ◽  
The Mean

Abstract BACKGROUND: Lower-limb function is severely impaired after sacral plexus nerve injury. Nerve transfer is a useful reconstructive technique for proximal nerve injuries. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effectiveness and safety of transferring the ipsilateral obturator nerve to the branch of the tibial nerve innervating the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle to recover knee and ankle flexion. METHODS: From 2007 to 2011, 5 patients with sacral plexus nerve injury underwent ipsilateral obturator nerve transfer as part of a strategy for surgical reconstruction of their plexuses. The mean patient age was 31.4 years (range, 19-45 years), and the mean interval from injury to surgery was 5.8 months (range, 3-8 months). The anterior branch of the obturator nerve was coapted to the branch of the tibial nerve innervating the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle by autogenous nerve grafting. RESULTS: Patient follow-up ranged from 24 to 38 months. There were no complications related to the surgery. Three patients recovered to Medical Research Council grade 3 or better in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Thigh adduction function was not affected in any patient. CONCLUSION: Knee and ankle flexion can be achieved by transferring the anterior branch of the obturator nerve to the branch of the tibial nerve innervating the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, which is useful for balance. This procedure can be used as a new method for treating sacral plexus nerve injury.

scholarly journals Effect of Sepiolite-Loaded Fe2O3 on Flame Retardancy of Waterborne Polyurethane

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tong Xu ◽  
Di Qian ◽  
Yelei Hu ◽  
Yuanzhao Zhu ◽  
Yi Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Waterborne Polyurethane ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Solution Deposition ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Layer Method ◽  
Combustion Tests ◽  
Microscopic Morphology ◽  
Coated Cotton ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

In this study, a kind of inorganic composite flame retardant (Sep@Fe2O3) was prepared by combining solution deposition and calcination methods using sepiolite microfiber material as carrier. This inorganic compound flame retardant was combined with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) through layer-by-layer method to prepare WPU composites. The SEM and EDS, TEM, and XRD were used to characterize the microscopic morphology and crystal structure of WPU composites. Thermogravimetric analysis tests confirmed the good thermal stability of WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composites; at the temperature of 600°C, the carbon residual percentage of WPU/Sep, WPU/Fe2O3, and WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composites is 7.3%, 12.2%, and 13.4%, respectively, higher than that of WPU (1.4%). Vertical combustion tests proved better flame-retardant property of WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composite-coated cotton than noncoated cotton. The microcalorimeter test proved that the PHRR of WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composites decreased by 61% compared with that of WPU. In addition, after combining with Sep@Fe2O3, the breaking strength of WPU increased by 35%.

scholarly journals VARIATION IN THE MODE OF ORIGIN AND LEVEL OF FORMATION OF NERVE TO MEDIAL AND LATERAL HEAD OF GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1.1) ◽  
pp. 7232-7236
Author(s):  
Sharma S ◽  
◽  
Khullar M ◽  
Wadhwa A ◽  
Kaur K ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Lateral Head

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle IGF-binding protein-3 and -5 expressions are age, muscle, and load dependent

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (2) ◽  
pp. E340-E350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Espen E. Spangenburg ◽  
Tsghe Abraha ◽  
Tom E. Childs ◽  
J. Scott Pattison ◽  
Frank W. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Muscle Aging ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Igfbp 3

The purpose of the current study was to examine IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 mRNA and protein expression levels as a function of muscle type, age, and regrowth from an immobilization-induced atrophy in Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats. IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in the 4-mo-old animals was significantly higher in the red and white portions of the gastrocnemius muscle compared with the soleus muscle. However, there were no significant differences in IGFBP-3 mRNA expression among any of the muscle groups in the 30-mo-old animals. There were no significant differences in IGFBP-5 mRNA expression in any of the muscle groups, whereas in the 30-mo-old animals there was significantly less IGFBP-5 mRNA expression in the white gastrocnemius compared with the red gastrocnemius muscles. Although IGFBP-3 and -5 proteins were detected in the type I soleus muscle with Western blot analyses, no detection was observed in the type II red and white portions of the gastrocnemius muscle. Aging from adult (18 mo) to old animals (30 mo) was associated with decreases in IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein and IGFBP-5 protein only in the soleus muscle. After 10 days of recovery from 10 days of hindlimb immobilization, IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein increased in soleus muscles from young (4-mo) rats; however, only IGFBP-3 protein increased in the old (30-mo) rats. Whereas there were no changes in IGFBP-5 mRNA expression during recovery, IGFBP-5 protein in the 10-day-recovery soleus muscle did increase in the young, but not in the old, rats. Because one of the functions of IGFBPs is to modulate IGF-I action on muscle size and phenotype, it is hypothesized that IGFBP-3 and -5 proteins may have potential modulatory roles in type I fiber-dominated muscles, aging, and regrowth from atrophy.

Mechanical stimulation of the plantar foot surface attenuates soleus muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb unloading in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 739-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios Kyparos ◽  
Daniel L. Feeback ◽  
Charles S. Layne ◽  
Daniel A. Martinez ◽  
Mark S. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Hindlimb Unloading ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle

Unloading-induced muscle atrophy occurs in the aging population, bed-ridden patients, and astronauts. This study was designed to determine whether dynamic foot stimulation (DFS) applied to the plantar surface of the rat foot can serve as a countermeasure to soleus muscle atrophy normally observed in hindlimb unloaded (HU) rats. Forty-four mature (6 mo old), male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to ambulatory control, HU alone, HU with active DFS (i.e., plantar contact with active inflation), HU with passive DFS (i.e., plantar contact without active inflation), and HU while wearing a DFS boot with no plantar contact groups. Application of active DFS during HU significantly counteracted the atrophic response by preventing ∼85% of the reduction in type I myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in the soleus while preventing ∼57% of the reduction in type I myofiber CSA and 43% of the reduction in type IIA myofiber CSA of the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Wearing of a DFS boot without active inflation prevented myofiber atrophy in the soleus of HU animals in a fashion similar to that observed in HU animals that wore an actively inflated DFS boot. However, when a DFS boot without plantar surface contact was worn during HU, no significant protection from HU-induced myofiber atrophy was observed. These results illustrate that the application of mechanical foot stimulation to the plantar surface of the rat foot is an effective countermeasure to muscle atrophy induced by HU.

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