scholarly journals Distribution of the subtendons in the midportion of the Achilles tendon revealed in vivo on MRI

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Szaro ◽  
Walter Cifuentes Ramirez ◽  
Simon Borkmann ◽  
Alexander Bengtsson ◽  
Mateusz Polaczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Plantaris Tendon ◽  
Lateral Head

Abstract The aim of the study was to check if the subtendons of the Achilles tendon can be identified in vivo on MRI in the midportion of the tendon. The relation of the plantaris tendon to the Achilles tendon was also examined. A retrospective study of 200 MRI of ankle joints including the Achilles tendon was conducted. Statistical analysis of the correlation between the possibility of identifying the subtendons and the side, gender, presence of the central soleus tendon and plantaris tendon variation was performed. The inter-observer agreement between two reviewers in their evaluation of the subtendons was assessed using kappa statistics. The subtendon from the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle was identified in 65% (k = 0.63) and was located in the anterior part of the Achilles tendon. The subtendon from the soleus muscle was recognized in 12% (k = 0.75) comprising anterior part of the tendon. In 6% the subtendon from the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle was identified (k = 0.58). The central soleus tendon was identified in 85% of cases. Statistical analysis shows the weak correlation of the presence of the central soleus tendon and the possibility of identifying the subtendon from the soleus muscle. The plantaris tendon was directly related to the insertion of the Achilles tendon in 42.5%. Identification of the subtendons of the Achilles tendon on MRI is challenging, and most often it is only possible to find the subtendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle.

scholarly journals The twisted structure of the fetal calcaneal tendon is already visible in the second trimester

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Szaro ◽  
Grzegorz Witkowski ◽  
Bogdan Ciszek
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Calcaneal Tendon ◽  
Medial Head ◽  
Plantaris Tendon ◽  
Layer Method ◽  
Congenital Disabilities ◽  
Lateral Head

Abstract Introduction The progress in morphological science results from the greater possibilities of intra-pubic diagnosis and treatment of congenital disabilities, including the motor system. However, the structure and macroscopic development of the calcaneal tendon have not been investigated in detail. Studies on the adult calcaneal tendon showed that the calcaneal tendon is composed of twisted subtendons. This study aimed to investigate the internal structure of the fetal calcaneal tendon in the second trimester. Materials and methods Thirty-six fetuses fixed in 10% formaldehyde were dissected using the layer-by-layer method and a surgical microscope. Results The twisted structure of the calcaneal tendon was revealed in all specimens. The posterior layer of the calcaneal tendon is formed by the subtendon from the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, the anterior layer is formed by the subtendon from the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The subtendon from the soleus muscle constitutes the anteromedial outline of the calcaneal tendon. The lateral outline of the calcaneal tendon is formed by the subtendon originating from the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, the medial outline is formed by the subtendon from the soleus muscle. In most of the examined limbs, the plantaris tendon attached to the tuber calcanei was not directly connected to the calcaneal tendon. Conclusions The twisted structure of the subtendons of the fetal calcaneal tendon is already visible in the second trimester and is similar to that seen in adults.

scholarly journals Mechanical properties of tendon and aponeurosis of human gastrocnemius muscle in vivo

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1671-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Muramatsu ◽  
Tetsuro Muraoka ◽  
Daisuke Takeshita ◽  
Yasuo Kawakami ◽  
Yuichi Hirano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Maximal Strain

Load-strain characteristics of tendinous tissues (Achilles tendon and aponeurosis) were determined in vivo for human medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle. Seven male subjects exerted isometric plantar flexion torque while the elongation of tendinous tissues of MG was determined from the tendinous movements by using ultrasonography. The maximal strain of the Achilles tendon and aponeurosis, estimated separately from the elongation data, was 5.1 ± 1.1 and 5.9 ± 1.6%, respectively. There was no significant difference in strain between the Achilles tendon and aponeurosis. In addition, no significant difference in strain was observed between the proximal and distal regions of the aponeurosis. The results indicate that tendinous tissues of the MG are homogenously stretched along their lengths by muscle contraction, which has functional implications for the operation of the human MG muscle-tendon unit in vivo.

Nutrition and muscle potassium: differential effect in rat slow and fast muscles

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2188-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Fong ◽  
H. L. Atwood ◽  
K. N. Jeejeebhoy ◽  
M. P. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles ◽  
Fast Muscles ◽  
Slow And Fast Muscles

The effects of malnutrition on intracellular K+ activity, (aK)i, and membrane potential, Em, were measured by means of double-barrelled K+ -selective microlectrodes in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of the rat. (aK)i and Em were measured in vivo in normal anaesthetized animals and in rats subjected to one of two diet restrictions: a 2-day fast or a long-term hypocaloric diet. In the soleus muscle, (aK)i fell by similar amounts in both 2-day fasted and long-term hypocalorically fed rats, while Em depolarized significantly only in hypocalorically fed rats. In the gastrocnemius muscle, neither the 2-day fast nor the hypocaloric diet affected (aK)i or Em. It is suggested that the selective loss of K+ from the soleus muscle may be related to its activity pattern.

scholarly journals Ganglionic eminence within the early developing brain visualized by 3D transvaginal ultrasound

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Boitor-Borza ◽  
Tunde Kovacs ◽  
Florin Stamatian
Keyword(s):  
Transvaginal Ultrasound ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Transvaginal Sonography ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Basal Nuclei ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Golden Standard

Aim: Early diagnosis of cerebral congenital anomalies requires a profound knowledge of the anatomy of the developing human brain. The ganglionic eminences (GE) are crucial structures of the brain, giving rise mostly to the basal nuclei. The aim of this explorative study is to assess the GE within the embryonic and early fetal brain by using 3D transvaginal US. Material and methods: From March 2015 to May 2015, a total of 18 singleton non-malformed embryos and fetuses at 9-13 weeks of gestation were assesed in vivo by transvaginal ultrasound using a Voluson E10, BT 15 scanner (GE Healthcare, Zipf, Austria). The 3D sonography was performed routinely as the subjects were scanned. Inter-observer agreement (concordance) was calculated using the Cohen’s kappa statistics. Results: At 9 gestational weeks, no GE was identified. At 10 gestational weeks the GE were identified as mere thickenings in the lateral wall of the cerebral hemispheres, well depicted by 3D transvaginal ultrasound using the HDlive rendering mode and the OmniView® software. Starting with 11 gestational weeks the GE are evident. The results of inter-observer agreement for GE identification were as follows: observed agreement Po=0.94, expected agreement Pe=0.76, kappa coefficient=0.83, which means a very good agreement between the observers. Conclusions: The GE can be clearly visualized by 3D transvaginal sonography, and especially by HDlive rendering mode. This method has become the “golden standard” for in vivo morphological studies of the embryonic and early fetal brain.

Increased protein synthesis after acute IGF-I or insulin infusion is localized to muscle in mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (1) ◽  
pp. E118-E123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tor H. Bark ◽  
Margaret A. McNurlan ◽  
Charles H. Lang ◽  
Peter J. Garlick
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Proximal Small Intestine ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Tissue Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cardiac Muscles

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of acute administration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or insulin on in vivo protein synthesis in muscle and other organs in fasted mice and to compare this response with that produced by feeding. Recombinant IGF-I (3.3 nmol prime, 3.33 nmol/h) or insulin (0.056 nmol/h) was infused intravenously for 60 min along with glucose to prevent hypoglycemia. Fractional rates of tissue protein synthesis (FSR) were determined by injection of [2H5]phenylalanine (25 mg/100 g body wt, 40% enriched). Both IGF-I and insulin caused a 25% increase in FSR of heart ( P < 0.001) and soleus muscle ( P < 0.05) and a 65% increase in gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle (both P < 0.001), thus restoring rates to those seen in fed animals. A fivefold lower dose of IGF-I also stimulated protein synthesis in gastrocnemius muscle and heart (both P < 0.05) but not in soleus muscle. No significant effects of IGF-I on FSR were detected in liver, kidney, spleen, proximal small intestine, colon, lung, or brain. The results indicate that the ability of an overnight fast to decrease protein synthesis and the acute effects of insulin and IGF-I to stimulate protein synthesis are restricted to skeletal and cardiac muscles.

Freeze-Dried Clopidogrel Loaded Lyotropic Liquid Crystal: Box-Behnken Optimization, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-217
Author(s):  
Eman A. Hakeem ◽  
Galal M. El-Mahrouk ◽  
Ghada Abdelbary ◽  
Mahmoud H. Teaima
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Lipid Phase ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Suggested Formula

Background: Clopidogrel (CLP) suffers from extensive first pass metabolism results in a negative impact on its oral systemic bioavailability. Cubosomes are Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline (LLC) nano-systems comprising monoolein, a steric stabilizer and an aqueous system, it considered a promising carrier for different pharmaceutical compounds. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) is an efficient tool for process analysis and optimization skipping forceful treatment combinations. Objective: The study was designed to develop freeze-dried clopidogrel loaded LLC (cubosomes) for enhancement of its oral bioavailability. Methods: A 33 BBD was adopted, the studied independent factors were glyceryl monooleate (GMO lipid phase), Pluronic F127 (PL F127steric stabilizer) and polyvinyl alcohol powder (stabilizer). Particle Size (PS), Polydispersity Index (PDI) and Zeta Potential (ZP) were set as independent response variables. Seventeen formulae were prepared in accordance with the bottom up approach and in-vitro evaluated regarding PS, PDI and ZP. Statistical analysis and optimization were achieved using design expert software®, then the optimum suggested formula was prepared, in-vitro revaluated, freeze-dried with 3% mannitol (cryoprotectant), solid state characterized and finally packed in hard gelatin capsule for comparative in-vitro release and in-vivo evaluation to Plavix®. Results: Results of statistical analysis of each individual response revealed a quadratic model for PS and PDI where a linear model for ZP. The optimum suggested formula with desirability factor equal 0.990 consisting of (200 mg GMO, 78.15 mg PL F127 and 2% PVA). LC/MS/MS study confirmed significant higher C>max, AUC>0-24h and AUC>0-∞ than that of Plavix®. Conclusion: The results confirm the capability of developed carrier to overcome the low oral bioavailability.

scholarly journals Ultrasound and surgical inspection of plantaris tendon involvement in chronic painful insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a case series

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000979
Author(s):  
Håkan Alfredson ◽  
Lorenzo Masci ◽  
Christoph Spang
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Fatty Infiltration ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Achilles Tendinopathy ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Plantaris Tendon ◽  
Medial Pain ◽  
Tendon Insertion ◽  
Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy

ObjectivesChronic painful insertional Achilles tendinopathy is known to be difficult to manage. The diagnosis is not always easy because multiple different tissues can be involved. The plantaris tendon has recently been described to frequently be involved in chronic painful mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. This study aimed to evaluate possible plantaris tendon involvement in patients with chronic painful insertional Achilles tendinopathy.MethodsNinety-nine consecutive patients (74 males, 25 females) with a mean age of 40 years (range 24–64) who were surgically treated for insertional Achilles tendinopathy, were included. Clinical examination, ultrasound (US)+Doppler examination, and surgical findings were used to evaluate plantaris tendon involvement.ResultsIn 48/99 patients, there were clinical symptoms of plantaris tendon involvement with pain and tenderness located medially at the Achilles tendon insertion. In all these cases, surgical findings showed a thick and wide plantaris tendon together with a richly vascularised fatty infiltration between the plantaris and Achilles tendon. US examination suspected plantaris involvement in 32/48 patients.ConclusionPlantaris tendon involvement can potentially be part of the pathology in chronic painful insertional Achilles tendinopathy and should be considered for diagnosis and treatment when there is distinct and focal medial pain and tenderness.Level of evidenceIV case series.

Characterization of in vivo Achilles tendon forces in rabbits during treadmill locomotion at varying speeds and inclinations

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1647-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. West ◽  
Natalia Juncosa ◽  
Marc T. Galloway ◽  
Gregory P. Boivin ◽  
David L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Treadmill Locomotion

In vivo exploration of brain phosphorus 31 metabolism in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
G Mecheri ◽  
Y Bissuel ◽  
J Dalery ◽  
JL Terra ◽  
G Balvay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Phospholipid Metabolism ◽  
Alzheimer Type ◽  
Dementia Of Alzheimer Type ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Brain

SummaryIn vivo NMR 31p spectroscopy is a non invasive, non ionizing method of exploration of energy and phospholipid metabolism in the brain. This study consisted of comparing 31p spectra in five patients with Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) with those of four controls of similar ages. Abnormal phosphonionocsters (PME) concentrations, either high or low, were found in the patients, but statistical analysis did not elicit any significant difference relative to controls.

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