Abstract
Potential vorticity (PV) thinking conceptually connects the upper-level (upper troposphere in the extratropics and middle troposphere for the tropics) dynamical process to the lower-level process. Here, the initiation mechanism of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) in the tropics is investigated using PV thinking. The authors demonstrate that the midtropospheric PV anomaly produces a dynamical environment favorable for the BSISO initiation. Under seasonal easterly vertical wind shear, the PV anomaly enhances low-level convergence and upward motion at its western edge. Tropical PV forcing in the middle troposphere produces balanced mass and circulation fields that spread horizontally and vertically so that its effect can reach even the lowest troposphere. The downward influence of the midtropospheric PV forcing is one of the key aspects of the PV thinking. Direct piecewise PV inversions confirm that the anomalous lower-level zonal wind and its convergence necessary for the initiation of BSISO convection do not arise solely from the response to the lower-level PV forcing but from the summed contribution by PV forcing at all levels. About 50% of the low-level circulation variations result from PV forcing from 700 to 450 hPa, with the largest contribution from the 600–650-hPa PV anomalies for the convection initiation region over the western Indian Ocean. The current study is compared with and incorporated into the thermodynamic recharge process and the frictional moisture flux convergence mechanism for the BSISO initiation. This study is the first qualitative application of the PV thinking approach that reveals the BSISO dynamics.
Influences of ENSO on boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation over the western Pacific in decaying summer
