Dietary intake of protein and fat of 12- to 36-month-old children in a Dutch Total Diet Study

Abstract Purpose This study attempted gaining insight into the intake of protein and fat of 12- to 36-month-old children in the Netherlands. Methods In 2017, a Total Diet Study (TDS) was carried out in the Netherlands including following three age groups: 12–17-, 18–23- and 24- to 36-month-old children. Protein and fat concentrations of 164 composite samples were analysed and combined with the consumption data from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012–2016 (DNFCS). Results Median protein intake of the 12- to 35-month-old Dutch children based on the TDS was 35 g/day with main contributions from the food subgroups “milk and milk-based beverages”, “beef” and “yoghurts and desserts”. Median fat intake was 34 g/day with main contributions from the food subgroups “margarines”, “cheeses” and “milk and milk-based beverages”. For the youngest age group (12- to 18-month-old children), (ready to drink) follow-on formula was one of the main contributors to the fat intake. Conclusion Compared to the EFSA reference values, protein intake of the Dutch 12- to 36-month-old children is high, whereas fat intake follows the reference intake. A TDS is a suitable instrument to estimate macronutrient intakes.

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The Chinese Total Diet Study in 1990. Part II. Nutrients

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/76.6.1206 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 76 (6) ◽

pp. 1206-1213 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Junshi Chen ◽

Junquan Gao

Keyword(s):

Total Energy ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Total Energy Intake ◽

World Health ◽

Fat Intake ◽

The South ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

High Sodium ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study

Abstract This paper reports the intakes of 72 nutrients and their dietary sources obtained from the Chinese total diet study in 1990. Most of the nutrient intakes are close or equal to their corresponding recommended daily allowances (RDAs). Both the total energy intake (2203 kcal) and the proportions contributed by protein, fat, and carbohydrate meet the current Chinese RDAs and the World Health Organization (WHO) nutrient goals. The average protein intake was 64 g/day. The intake of essential amino acids all exceeded the Chinese RDA, and their proportions were generally consistent with the WHO recommended pattern. The average fat intake was 51.2 g/day (21.2% of the total energy intake). However, the dietary fat intake has been increasing significantly in the Chinese diet and the proportion of animal fat has reached 53% of the total fat intake. The total saturated:total monounsaturated:total polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio was 1.0:1.5:1.0. Although the average cholesterol intake was only 179 mg/day, it was 248 mg/day in the South 1 region. The intakes of thiamine and riboflavin were below the RDA. Retinol intakes in all the 4 regions were low. Most (80%) of the retinol (equivalent) intakes were from carotenoids. The average intake of total tocopherol was 89% of the RDA, and among the 4 regions, only the South 2 region has relatively low intake. The intakes of iron, copper, manganese, sodium, and phosphorus were adequate. The intakes of calcium, zinc, and potassium were insufficient, and intakes of selenium and magnesium were a little low. High sodium and low potassium intake is a traditional problem in the Chinese diet.

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A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part I – Design

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2015.1904 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 73-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R.C. Sprong ◽

L. de Wit-Bos ◽

M.J. Zeilmaker ◽

M. Alewijn ◽

J.J.M. Castenmiller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Food Category ◽

Additional Food ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Food Items ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study ◽

Composite Samples

A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study (mTDS) allowing assessment of occurrence and dietary exposure to these substances was developed and carried out in the Netherlands in 2013. First, literature was searched to establish the occurrence profile of mycotoxins. Next, foods as consumed according to the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys (DNFCS) for young children and persons aged 7-69 years, categorised in several food categories, were ranked according to their summed consumption. Subsequently, foods with the highest consumptions were included to cover >85% of the consumption of a particular food category. In some cases, foods other than those contributing to the upper 85% consumption within a food category were included based on their expected high mycotoxin contamination. In some other cases, foods not contributing to mycotoxin exposure were excluded. This resulted in 130 foods to be included in this mTDS. Since a sample size of 12 was established per food, 1,560 food items were purchased for the population aged 7-69 years. Fifty seven additional food items were purchased to take into account the different consumption profile of young children. The 1,617 food items were prepared as consumed based on information available in the food consumption surveys. The prepared food items were combined according to the different consumption forms of the 130 selected foods (e.g. fresh, canned or frozen). This resulted in 213 subsamples, which were proportionally to their consumption further pooled into 88 composite samples. These composite samples covered 87 and 88% of the amount foods consumed by young children and the population aged 7-69 years, respectively. This design allows analysis of mycotoxin occurrence and the subsequent exposure assessment using aggregated food categories reflected by the 88 composite samples, as well as a more refined approach by analysing 213 subsamples.

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A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part II – occurrence

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2015.1906 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 89-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

P. López ◽

T. de Rijk ◽

R.C. Sprong ◽

M.J.B. Mengelers ◽

J.J.M. Castenmiller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Mycophenolic Acid ◽

Ergot Alkaloids ◽

Population Group ◽

Food Category ◽

Breakfast Cereals ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study ◽

Composite Samples

The occurrence of 59 natural toxins was determined in 88 composite food and drink samples of a mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study performed in the Netherlands in 2013. Composite food samples were prepared by pooling foods from a food category (as consumed, e.g. peeled, cooked, etc.) according to their consumption by population groups in the Netherlands. A multi-targeted method based on QuEChERs extraction, dilute and shoot and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied to the 88 composite samples. Dedicated methods with lower detection limits for patulin, aflatoxins and trichothecenes were also applied to specific food types. Thirty samples (34%) were positive for one or more mycotoxins. Patulin, aflatoxin M1, zearalenone and plant toxins, with the exception of scopolamine in liquorice, were not detected in any of the composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 was only detected, but not at quantifiable levels, in the composites that contained peanuts. Fumonisin B1 was only found at 18 μg/kg in breakfast cereals consumed by the population group of 7-69 years, whereas ochratoxin A occurred at low levels around 1 μg/kg in liquorice, legumes and coffee. Grains and grain-based food composites were positive for ergot alkaloids, enniatins B and B1 and deoxynivalenol (DON). The levels of DON in the positive samples were lower compared to other studies, with the exception of breakfast cereals for infants with a DON concentration of 116 μg/kg. This specific composite sample may have contained an ingredient with a concentration exceeding the maximum legal limit of 200 μg/kg. Alternaria toxins (alternariol and alternariol methyl ether) were detected at levels ranging from 1.0 to 8.9 μg/kg in a number of composite samples, including tomato products, nuts, cereal products, chocolate and wine. Mycophenolic acid and roquefortine C cooccurred in mould-ripened cheese composites, while mycophenolic acid also was found in dried fruit and liquorice composite samples.

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A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part III – exposure and risk assessment

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2015.1905 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 109-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R.C. Sprong ◽

L. de Wit-Bos ◽

J.D. te Biesebeek ◽

M. Alewijn ◽

P. Lopez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Reference Value ◽

Consumption Pattern ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study

In a mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study (mTDS) performed in the autumn and winter of 2013 in the Netherlands, 48 mycotoxins, including patulin, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, trichothecenes, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, beauvericin and enniatins, were quantified. Analyses were performed in 88 composite samples representative for the consumption pattern of the Dutch population. This article presents the results of the exposure assessment and subsequent risk assessment of these mycotoxins. Exposure was assessed by combining individual food consumption data obtained from the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys (DNFCS) for young children aged 2-6 years and the population aged 7-69 years with the analytical results of the mTDS, using a lower bound and an upper bound scenario for levels below the limit of detection. Wherever possible, exposure estimates were compared with toxicological reference values, including health-based guidance values. The high level of exposure (95th percentile) exceeded the toxicological reference value regardless of the substitution scenario for ochratoxin A in the population aged 7-69 years, for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins for children aged 2-6 years and for alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in both examined populations. The margin of exposure was too small for aflatoxin B1. For the remaining 23 mycotoxins with a toxicological reference value, the estimated exposure was below this level.

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