A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part II – occurrence

The occurrence of 59 natural toxins was determined in 88 composite food and drink samples of a mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study performed in the Netherlands in 2013. Composite food samples were prepared by pooling foods from a food category (as consumed, e.g. peeled, cooked, etc.) according to their consumption by population groups in the Netherlands. A multi-targeted method based on QuEChERs extraction, dilute and shoot and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied to the 88 composite samples. Dedicated methods with lower detection limits for patulin, aflatoxins and trichothecenes were also applied to specific food types. Thirty samples (34%) were positive for one or more mycotoxins. Patulin, aflatoxin M1, zearalenone and plant toxins, with the exception of scopolamine in liquorice, were not detected in any of the composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 was only detected, but not at quantifiable levels, in the composites that contained peanuts. Fumonisin B1 was only found at 18 μg/kg in breakfast cereals consumed by the population group of 7-69 years, whereas ochratoxin A occurred at low levels around 1 μg/kg in liquorice, legumes and coffee. Grains and grain-based food composites were positive for ergot alkaloids, enniatins B and B1 and deoxynivalenol (DON). The levels of DON in the positive samples were lower compared to other studies, with the exception of breakfast cereals for infants with a DON concentration of 116 μg/kg. This specific composite sample may have contained an ingredient with a concentration exceeding the maximum legal limit of 200 μg/kg. Alternaria toxins (alternariol and alternariol methyl ether) were detected at levels ranging from 1.0 to 8.9 μg/kg in a number of composite samples, including tomato products, nuts, cereal products, chocolate and wine. Mycophenolic acid and roquefortine C cooccurred in mould-ripened cheese composites, while mycophenolic acid also was found in dried fruit and liquorice composite samples.

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A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part I – Design

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2015.1904 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 73-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R.C. Sprong ◽

L. de Wit-Bos ◽

M.J. Zeilmaker ◽

M. Alewijn ◽

J.J.M. Castenmiller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Food Category ◽

Additional Food ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Food Items ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study ◽

Composite Samples

A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study (mTDS) allowing assessment of occurrence and dietary exposure to these substances was developed and carried out in the Netherlands in 2013. First, literature was searched to establish the occurrence profile of mycotoxins. Next, foods as consumed according to the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys (DNFCS) for young children and persons aged 7-69 years, categorised in several food categories, were ranked according to their summed consumption. Subsequently, foods with the highest consumptions were included to cover >85% of the consumption of a particular food category. In some cases, foods other than those contributing to the upper 85% consumption within a food category were included based on their expected high mycotoxin contamination. In some other cases, foods not contributing to mycotoxin exposure were excluded. This resulted in 130 foods to be included in this mTDS. Since a sample size of 12 was established per food, 1,560 food items were purchased for the population aged 7-69 years. Fifty seven additional food items were purchased to take into account the different consumption profile of young children. The 1,617 food items were prepared as consumed based on information available in the food consumption surveys. The prepared food items were combined according to the different consumption forms of the 130 selected foods (e.g. fresh, canned or frozen). This resulted in 213 subsamples, which were proportionally to their consumption further pooled into 88 composite samples. These composite samples covered 87 and 88% of the amount foods consumed by young children and the population aged 7-69 years, respectively. This design allows analysis of mycotoxin occurrence and the subsequent exposure assessment using aggregated food categories reflected by the 88 composite samples, as well as a more refined approach by analysing 213 subsamples.

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Dietary intake of protein and fat of 12- to 36-month-old children in a Dutch Total Diet Study

European Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1007/s00394-021-02653-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Annemieke Maria Pustjens ◽

Jacqueline Jozefine Maria Castenmiller ◽

Jan Dirk te Biesebeek ◽

Polly Ester Boon

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Age Groups ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Consumption Data ◽

Group 12 ◽

Food Consumption Survey ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study

Abstract Purpose This study attempted gaining insight into the intake of protein and fat of 12- to 36-month-old children in the Netherlands. Methods In 2017, a Total Diet Study (TDS) was carried out in the Netherlands including following three age groups: 12–17-, 18–23- and 24- to 36-month-old children. Protein and fat concentrations of 164 composite samples were analysed and combined with the consumption data from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012–2016 (DNFCS). Results Median protein intake of the 12- to 35-month-old Dutch children based on the TDS was 35 g/day with main contributions from the food subgroups “milk and milk-based beverages”, “beef” and “yoghurts and desserts”. Median fat intake was 34 g/day with main contributions from the food subgroups “margarines”, “cheeses” and “milk and milk-based beverages”. For the youngest age group (12- to 18-month-old children), (ready to drink) follow-on formula was one of the main contributors to the fat intake. Conclusion Compared to the EFSA reference values, protein intake of the Dutch 12- to 36-month-old children is high, whereas fat intake follows the reference intake. A TDS is a suitable instrument to estimate macronutrient intakes.

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Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Determination of Naphthalene in the Composite Food Samples from the 2011 Canadian Total Diet Study in Ottawa

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-28x.jfp-12-314 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 75 (12) ◽

pp. 2163-2171 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

XU-LIANG CAO ◽

TARA HIERLIHY ◽

SVETLANA POPOVIC ◽

BOB DABEKA

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Solid Phase Microextraction ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study ◽

Composite Samples

A method based on isotope dilution headspace solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, was developed for the determination of naphthalene in foods. Optimum method sensitivity was achieved by the addition of NaCl in water at saturation and with the sample solution incubated at 30°C for 15 min. The method had good repeatability, with relative standard deviations of 3.5 and 1.5% at 5 and 30 ng/ml, respectively. This method was used to determine naphthalene in 159 food composite samples collected from the 2011 Canadian Total Diet Study. Naphthalene was detected in 93 (58.9%) food composite samples, mostly in products of meat and cereal, fast food, and miscellaneous foods. Among the 93 samples, only 51 (54.8%) samples were found to contain naphthalene at levels above 1 ng/g, with a maximum of 35 ng/g found in the herbs and spices composite sample. Method detection limits, estimated for each one of the food composite samples by using the lower-abundance ion m/z 127, varied considerably because of the matrix effect, ranging from as low as 0.0022 ng/g for water to as high as 16 ng/g for fatty sample, with an average of 1.6 ng/g.

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Dietary exposure to mycotoxins of 1- and 2-year-old children from a Dutch Total Diet Study

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2020.2676 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

A.M. Pustjens ◽

J.J.M. Castenmiller ◽

J.D. te Biesebeek ◽

T.C. de Rijk ◽

R.C.J. van Dam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Ergot Alkaloids ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Health Concern ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Limit Value ◽

Alternaria Toxins ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study

In 2017, a Total Diet Study was conducted in the Netherlands in which mycotoxins were analysed in foods and beverages consumed by 1- and 2-year-old children. These mycotoxins were aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Long-term exposure was calculated by combining concentrations in foods and beverages with consumed amounts of these products. Analysed foods and beverages with a concentration below the detection limit that could contain the mycotoxin, were assigned a concentration equal to half this limit value. To assess if the exposure could result in a possible health risk, the high long-term exposure (95th percentile) was compared with a health-based guidance value (HBGV) or a margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated. Exposure to aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin A and T-2/HT-2 sum may pose a health concern. Foods that contributed most to the exposure of these mycotoxins were bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals, chocolates, dried fruit, follow-on formula and fruit juices.

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A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part III – exposure and risk assessment

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2015.1905 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 109-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R.C. Sprong ◽

L. de Wit-Bos ◽

J.D. te Biesebeek ◽

M. Alewijn ◽

P. Lopez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Reference Value ◽

Consumption Pattern ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study

In a mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study (mTDS) performed in the autumn and winter of 2013 in the Netherlands, 48 mycotoxins, including patulin, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, trichothecenes, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, beauvericin and enniatins, were quantified. Analyses were performed in 88 composite samples representative for the consumption pattern of the Dutch population. This article presents the results of the exposure assessment and subsequent risk assessment of these mycotoxins. Exposure was assessed by combining individual food consumption data obtained from the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys (DNFCS) for young children aged 2-6 years and the population aged 7-69 years with the analytical results of the mTDS, using a lower bound and an upper bound scenario for levels below the limit of detection. Wherever possible, exposure estimates were compared with toxicological reference values, including health-based guidance values. The high level of exposure (95th percentile) exceeded the toxicological reference value regardless of the substitution scenario for ochratoxin A in the population aged 7-69 years, for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins for children aged 2-6 years and for alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in both examined populations. The margin of exposure was too small for aflatoxin B1. For the remaining 23 mycotoxins with a toxicological reference value, the estimated exposure was below this level.

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Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11010054 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 54 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Luc Ingenbleek ◽

Michael Sulyok ◽

Abimbola Adegboye ◽

Sètondji Epiphane Hossou ◽

Abdoulaye Zié Koné ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Simultaneous Exposure ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Composite Samples

In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 commonly consumed foods were purchased, prepared as consumed and pooled into 194 composite samples of cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, dairy, oils, beverages and miscellaneous. Those core foods were tested for mycotoxins and other fungal, bacterial and plant secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The highest aflatoxin concentrations were quantified in peanuts, peanut oil and maize. The mean concentration of the sum of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 (AFtot) in peanut samples (56.4 µg/kg) exceeded EU (4 µg/kg) and Codex (15 µg/kg) standards. The AFtot concentration (max: 246.0 µg/kg) was associated with seasonal and geographic patterns and comprised, on average, 80% AFB1, the most potent aflatoxin. Although ochratoxin A concentrations rarely exceeded existing Codex standards, it was detected in unregulated foods. One palm oil composite sample contained 98 different metabolites, including 35.4 µg/kg of ochratoxin A. In total, 164 different metabolites were detected, with unspecific metabolites like asperglaucide, cyclo(L-pro-L-val), cyclo (L-pro-L-tyr), flavoglaucin, emodin and tryptophol occurring in more than 50% of composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), sterigmatocystin (STC), ochratoxin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT) and many other secondary fungal metabolites are frequent co-contaminants in staple foods, such as maize and sorghum. Populations from North Cameroon and from Benin may, therefore, suffer chronic and simultaneous exposure to AFB1, FB1, STC, OTA and CIT, which are prevalent in their diet.

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