Neuromuscular adaptations during combined strength and endurance training in endurance runners: maximal versus explosive strength training or a mix of both

To investigate the effects of simultaneous explosive-strength and endurance training on physical performance characteristics, 10 experimental (E) and 8 control (C) endurance athletes trained for 9 wk. The total training volume was kept the same in both groups, but 32% of training in E and 3% in C was replaced by explosive-type strength training. A 5-km time trial (5K), running economy (RE), maximal 20-m speed ( V 20 m), and 5-jump (5J) tests were measured on a track. Maximal anaerobic (MART) and aerobic treadmill running tests were used to determine maximal velocity in the MART ( V MART) and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o 2 max). The 5K time, RE, and V MART improved ( P < 0.05) in E, but no changes were observed in C. V 20 m and 5J increased in E ( P < 0.01) and decreased in C ( P < 0.05).V˙o 2 max increased in C ( P < 0.05), but no changes were observed in E. In the pooled data, the changes in the 5K velocity during 9 wk of training correlated ( P< 0.05) with the changes in RE [O2 uptake ( r = −0.54)] and V MART( r = 0.55). In conclusion, the present simultaneous explosive-strength and endurance training improved the 5K time in well-trained endurance athletes without changes in theirV˙o 2 max. This improvement was due to improved neuromuscular characteristics that were transferred into improved V MART and running economy.

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Neuromuscular adaptations during concurrent strength and endurance training versus strength training

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-002-0751-9 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 42-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 238

Author(s):

K. Häkkinen ◽

M. Alen ◽

W. J. Kraemer ◽

E. Gorostiaga ◽

M. Izquierdo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Neuromuscular Adaptations

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The Effect of Maximal- and Explosive-Strength Training on Performance Indicators in Cyclists

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2016-0015 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 470-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kris Beattie ◽

Brian P. Carson ◽

Mark Lyons ◽

Ian C. Kenny

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Strength Training ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Body Mass ◽

Performance Indicators ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Maximal Strength ◽

Explosive Strength ◽

Road Cyclists

Cycling economy (CE), power output at maximal oxygen uptake (WV̇O2max), and anaerobic function (ie, sprinting ability) are considered the best physiological performance indicators in elite road cyclists. In addition to cardiovascular function, these physiological indicators are partly dictated by neuromuscular factors. One technique to improve neuromuscular function in athletes is through strength training. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 20-wk maximal- and explosive-strength-training intervention on strength (maximal strength, explosive strength, and bike-specific explosive strength), WV̇O2max, CE, and body composition (body mass, fat and lean mass) in cyclists. Fifteen competitive road cyclists were divided into an intervention group (endurance training and strength training: n = 6; age, 38.0 ± 10.2 y; weight, 69.1 ± 3.6 kg; height, 1.77 ± 0.04 m) and a control group (endurance training only: n = 9; age, 34.8 ± 8.5 y; weight, 72.5 ± 7.2 kg; height, 1.78 ± 0.05 m). The intervention group strength-trained for 20 wk. Each participant completed 3 assessments: physiology (CE, WV̇O2max, power at 2 and 4 mmol/L blood lactate), strength (isometric midthigh pull, squat-jump height, and 6-s bike-sprint peak power), and body composition (body mass, fat mass, overall leanness, and leg leanness). The results showed significant between- and within-group changes in the intervention group for maximal strength, bike-specific explosive strength, absolute WV̇O2max, body mass, overall leanness, and leg leanness at wk 20 (P < .05). The control group showed no significant within-group changes in measures of strength, physiology, or body composition. This study demonstrates that 20 wk of strength training can significantly improve maximal strength, bike-specific explosive strength, and absolute WV̇O2max in competitive road cyclists.

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The effects of replacing a portion of endurance training by explosive strength training on performance in trained cyclists

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s004210100507 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 79-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

J. Bastiaans ◽

A. Diemen ◽

T. Veneberg ◽

A. Jeukendrup

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Explosive Strength

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Arm exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽

10.1177/1479972312440814 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 153-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Zoe J McKeough ◽

Peter TP Bye ◽

Jennifer A Alison

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Strength Training ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Exercise Capacity ◽

Exercise Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Arm Exercise ◽

Arm Strength

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of arm endurance training, arm strength training, a combination of arm endurance and strength training, and no arm training on endurance arm exercise capacity. A randomised controlled trial was undertaken with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects randomised into one of four groups to complete 8 weeks of training: (a) arm endurance training (endurance group) consisting of supported and unsupported arm exercises, (b) arm strength training (strength group) using weight machines, (c) a combination of arm endurance and arm strength training (combined group), or (d) no arm training (control group). The primary outcome measurement was endurance arm exercise capacity measured by an endurance arm crank test. Secondary outcomes included functional arm exercise capacity measured by the incremental unsupported arm exercise test and health-related quality of life. A total of 52 subjects were recruited and 38 (73%) completed the study. When comparing the arm endurance group to the control group, there was a significant increase in endurance time of 6 min (95% CI 2–10, p < 0.01) following the interventions. When comparing the combined group to each of the control, endurance and strength groups, there was a significantly greater reduction in dyspnoea and rate of perceived exertion at the end of the functional arm exercise test for the combined group following the interventions. The mode of training to be favoured to increase endurance arm exercise capacity is arm endurance training. However, combined arm endurance and strength training may also be very useful to reduce the symptoms during everyday arm tasks.

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Effect of Strength Training and Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Strength, Testosterone, and Cortisol

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/00124278-199702000-00012 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 57-64

Author(s):

Gordon Bell ◽

Dan Syrotuik ◽

Teresa Socha ◽

Ian Maclean ◽

H. Art Quinney

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Endurance Training

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Strength Endurance Training but Not Intensive Strength Training Reduces Senescence-Prone T Cells in Peripheral Blood in Community-Dwelling Elderly Women

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/gly229 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 74 (12) ◽

pp. 1870-1878 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hung Cao Dinh ◽

Rose Njemini ◽

Oscar Okwudiri Onyema ◽

Ingo Beyer ◽

Keliane Liberman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Strength Training ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Older Women ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Cell Repertoire ◽

Repetition Maximum ◽

T Cell Phenotypes

Abstract Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in immune function known as immunosenescence. Although the causes of immunosenescence are likely to be multifactorial, an age-associated accumulation of senescent T cells and decreased naive T-cell repertoire are key contributors to the phenomenon. On the other hand, there is a growing consensus that physical exercise may improve immune response in aging. However, the optimum training modality required to obtain beneficial adaptations in older subjects is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of exercise modality on T-cell phenotypes in older women. A total of 100 women (aged ≥ 65 years) were randomized to either intensive strength training (80% of one-repetition maximum ), strength endurance training (40% one-repetition maximum), or control (stretching exercise) for 2–3 times per week during 6 weeks. The T-cell percentages and absolute counts were determined using flow cytometry and a hematology analyzer. C-reactive protein was measured using immunonephelometry. We report for the first time that 6 weeks of strength endurance training significantly decreased the basal percentage and absolute counts of senescence-prone T cells, which was positively related to the number of training sessions performed. Conceivably, training protocols with many repetitions—at a sufficiently high external resistance—might assist the reduction of senescence-prone T cells in older women.

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