Comparison between eccentric and concentric resistance exercise training without equipment for changes in muscle strength and functional fitness of older adults

Abstract Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) accelerates the incidence and increases the prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults. This suggests an urgent need for identifying effective sarcopenia treatments for older adults with T2DM. It is unknown whether traditional approaches, such as progressive resistance exercise training (PRET), can effectively counteract sarcopenia in older patients with T2DM. To test the efficacy of PRET for the treatment of sarcopenia in older adults with T2DM, 30 subjects (15 T2DM and 15 age- and sex- matched controls) underwent metabolic testing with muscle biopsies before and after a 13-week full-body PRET program. Primary outcome measures included changes in appendicular lean mass, muscle strength, and mixed muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR). Before PRET, BMI-adjusted appendicular lean mass was significantly lower in the T2DM group (0.7095±0.0381 versus 0.8151±0.0439, p<0.0001). As a result of PRET, appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI and muscle strength increased significantly in both groups, but to a lesser extent for the T2DM group (p=0.0009) . Preliminary results for FSR (n=25) indicate that subjects with T2DM had lower basal FSR prior to PRET (p=0.0197) . Basal FSR increased significantly in the control group after PRET (p=0.0196), while it did not change in the T2DM group (p=0.3537). These results suggest that in older adults the positive effect of PRET on muscle anabolism and strength is reduced by T2DM . Thus, older adults with T2DM may require more intensive, multimodal and targeted sarcopenia treatment. Funded by NIH R01AG049611 and P30AG024832.

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Influence of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance exercise in older adults

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00611.2010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 300 (3) ◽

pp. R655-R662 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

Todd A. Trappe ◽

Chad C. Carroll ◽

Jared M. Dickinson ◽

Jennifer K. LeMoine ◽

Jacob M. Haus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Drug Consumption ◽

Resistance Exercise Training ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Cox 1

Evidence suggests that consumption of over-the-counter cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors may interfere with the positive effects that resistance exercise training has on reversing sarcopenia in older adults. This study examined the influence of acetaminophen or ibuprofen consumption on muscle mass and strength during 12 wk of knee extensor progressive resistance exercise training in older adults. Thirty-six individuals were randomly assigned to one of three groups and consumed the COX-inhibiting drugs in double-blind placebo-controlled fashion: placebo (67 ± 2 yr; n = 12), acetaminophen (64 ± 1 yr; n = 11; 4 g/day), and ibuprofen (64 ± 1 yr; n = 13; 1.2 g/day). Compliance with the resistance training program (100%) and drug consumption (via digital video observation, 94%), and resistance training intensity were similar ( P > 0.05) for all three groups. Drug consumption unexpectedly increased muscle volume (acetaminophen: 109 ± 14 cm3, 12.5%; ibuprofen: 84 ± 10 cm3, 10.9%) and muscle strength (acetaminophen: 19 ± 2 kg; ibuprofen: 19 ± 2 kg) to a greater extent ( P < 0.05) than placebo (muscle volume: 69 ± 12 cm3, 8.6%; muscle strength: 15 ± 2 kg), when controlling for initial muscle size and strength. Follow-up analysis of muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after training showed muscle protein content, muscle water content, and myosin heavy chain distribution were not influenced ( P > 0.05) by drug consumption. Similarly, muscle content of the two known enzymes potentially targeted by the drugs, COX-1 and -2, was not influenced ( P > 0.05) by drug consumption, although resistance training did result in a drug-independent increase in COX-1 (32 ± 8%; P < 0.05). Drug consumption did not influence the size of the nonresistance-trained hamstring muscles ( P > 0.05). Over-the-counter doses of acetaminophen or ibuprofen, when consumed in combination with resistance training, do not inhibit and appear to enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in older adults. The present findings coupled with previous short-term exercise studies provide convincing evidence that the COX pathway(s) are involved in the regulation of muscle protein turnover and muscle mass in humans.

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Response to comment on: Thomson et al. Muscle strength gains during resistance exercise training are attenuated with soy compared with dairy or usual protein intake in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 35:27–33, 2016

Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.006 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 1573-1574

Author(s):

Rebecca L. Thomson ◽

Grant D. Brinkworth ◽

Manny Noakes ◽

Jonathan D. Buckley

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Clinical Nutrition ◽

Resistance Exercise Training ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Effects of protein supplementation on lean body mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in nonfrail community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqy192 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (5) ◽

pp. 1043-1059 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Dominique S M ten Haaf ◽

Malou A H Nuijten ◽

Martijn F H Maessen ◽

Astrid M H Horstman ◽

Thijs M H Eijsvogels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Resistance Exercise Training ◽

Community Dwelling Older Adults

ABSTRACT Background Increasing protein intake has been suggested as an effective strategy to ameliorate age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Current reviews assessing the effect of protein supplementation are strongly influenced by the inclusion of studies with frail older adults. Objectives We assessed the effect of protein supplementation on lean body mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in exclusively nonfrail community-dwelling older adults. Moreover, we assessed the superior effects of protein supplementation during concomitant resistance exercise training on muscle characteristics. Design A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to 15 May 2018. We included randomized controlled trials that assessed the effect of protein supplementation on lean body mass, muscle thigh cross-sectional area, muscle strength, gait speed, and chair-rise ability and performed random-effects meta-analyses. Results Data from 36 studies with 1682 participants showed no significant effects of protein supplementation on changes in lean body mass [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.11; 95% CI: −0.06, 0.28], handgrip strength (SMD: 0.58; 95% CI: −0.08, 1.24), lower extremity muscle strength (SMD: 0.03; 95% CI: −0.20, 0.27), gait speed (SMD: 0.41; 95% CI: −0.04, 0.85), or chair-rise ability (SMD: 0.10; 95%: CI −0.08, 0.28) compared with a control condition in nonfrail community-dwelling older adults. Moreover, no superior effects of protein supplementation were found during concomitant resistance exercise training on muscle characteristics. Conclusions Protein supplementation in nonfrail community-dwelling older adults does not lead to increases in lean body mass, muscle cross-sectional area, muscle strength, or physical performance compared with control conditions; nor does it exert superior effects when added to resistance exercise training. Habitual protein intakes of most study participants were already sufficient, and protein interventions differed in terms of type of protein, amount, and timing. Future research should clarify what specific protein supplementation protocol is beneficial for nonfrail community-dwelling older adults with low habitual protein intake.

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Muscle strength gains during resistance exercise training are attenuated with soy compared with dairy or usual protein intake in older adults: A randomized controlled trial

Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1016/j.clnu.2015.01.018 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 27-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Rebecca L. Thomson ◽

Grant D. Brinkworth ◽

Manny Noakes ◽

Jonathan D. Buckley

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Resistance Exercise Training ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Effect of Protein or Essential Amino Acid Supplementation During Prolonged Resistance Exercise Training in Older Adults on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance Parameters: A Systematic Review

Rehabilitation Process and Outcome ◽

10.1177/1179572718765760 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 117957271876576 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Josephine Gade ◽

Rie Johanne Pedersen ◽

Anne Marie Beck

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Older Adults ◽

Body Composition ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Resistance Exercise Training

Objectives: Loss of muscle mass and strength with aging, sarcopenia, burdens many older adults, making identification of strategies on how to counteract it very relevant—especially to health care providers working in rehabilitation. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effect of protein or essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation during prolonged resistance exercise training (RT) in older adults. No known stimulants of muscle protein synthesis, or ingredients with an effect on muscle strength/physical function, were allowed with the supplementation, differentiating this systematic review from others. Data sources and methods: In January 2017, 4 electronic databases and reference lists were searched for randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of protein or EAA supplementation during RT in older adults (mean age >60 years) on outcomes of body composition, muscle strength, and physical performance. Study selection and data extraction were performed by 2 independent reviewers. Results Sixteen studies (1107 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Methodologic differences between the studies disallowed a meta-analysis. Of the 16 studies, 6 found significant effects on body composition (3 studies), muscle strength (3 studies), and physical performance (2 studies) measures. Conclusions The evidence is weak and inconsistent, as benefit of protein or EAA supplementation during RT in older adults is only shown in some studies. The findings indicate that frail/sarcopenic older adults might benefit more than healthy older adults. Further research is needed to allow an interpretation on the importance of study population and design. Trial registration: PROSPERO, Reg. no.: CRD42017063808. Registered April 14, 2017.

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