DIAGNOSA VIBRIO CHOLERAE DENGAN METODE KULTUR DAN PCR PADA SAMPEL SUMBER AIR MINUM

Acute diarrhea due to infection can be caused by a bacterial, viral or parasitic infection. One of the bacteria that causes diarrhea is Vibrio cholerae and usually the diarrhea caused is called cholera diarrhea. Cholera diarrhea is caused by enterotoxins produced by V. cholerae bacteria and forms colonies inside the small intestine. Symptoms include vomiting, defecation such as large amounts of rice water resulting in dehydration, electrolyte loss and increased blood acidity. In severe cases, the sufferer continuously defecates accompanied by vomiting, so that the sufferer will lose fluids and electrolytes quickly from the gastrointestinal tract. This leads to a rationing of metabolic acidity and when left untreated can lead to death. V. cholerae bacteria are not invasive, do not enter the bloodstream but remain in the intestinal tract. At the time of infection through contaminated food and beverages ingested, then after passing through the stomach acid defense V. cholerae produces two virulence factors that cause cholera, namely coregulated pilus toxin (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT). The existence of specific enterotoxin cholera only found in V. cholerae pathogens can be targeted in laboratory tests for the diagnosis of pathogenic V. cholerae bacteria using biomolecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. From the results of the examination of drinking water samples at the drinking water depot around the bottom of the pakam, obtained the results of the PCR examination confirmed by electrophorensis is 302 bp, which means that in the sample there are bacteria that are identic with Vibrio cholera.

Effect of Physical Exercise on Serum Electrolytes, Urea and Creatinine in Undergraduate Footballers in Anambra State, Nigeria

Background: Prolonged exercise leads to progressive water and electrolyte loss from the body as sweat is secreted to promote heat loss. The rate of sweating depends on many factors and is increased in proportion to the work rate and the environmental temperature and humidity. Prolong exercise could lead to an alteration in electrolyte concentrations and this could lead to deleterious effects in the body. Aim: To determine the effect of Physical Exercise on Serum Electrolytes Urea and Creatinine in undergraduate footballers in Anambra State. Method: Six football teams comprising of 11 players each were grouped into 3 sets. Each set containing 22 players was allowed to play football for at least 2hours with a 15 minutes break interval. They were allowed to take only 250mls water during this exercising period. Blood samples were collected from all the subjects prior to the exercise from anticubital veins with the subjects in sitting position. Post-Exercise blood Samples were collected within 5 minutes after and 2hrs after the exercise. The blood samples were also analyzed for serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine. Blood sample for calcium was collected after removing the tourniquet for 2 minutes. The serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride and calcium were estimated using ion-selective electrodes while urea and creatinine were estimated using standard colorimetric methods. Results: There was no significant difference in mean concentrations of serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-) profile levels in pre-exercising subjects when compared with the post-exercising period. (P> 0.05). However, the mean levels of Ca2+ increased significantly in post-exercise period when compared with the pre-exercising condition (P < 0.05). The findings of this work suggest that short duration of exercise does not alter significantly the serum electrolytes.

In vitro carminative and in vivo antidiarrheal activity of Citrus maxima

In this study, the methanolic extracts of leaves of Citrus maxima were evaluated for their carminative and antidiarrheal activities. By soxhlet method, the methanolic extract of leaves of Citrus maxima was prepared. Carminative activity of methanolic extract was studied in vitro by acid-base titration technique and antidiarrheal activity was studied in rats by castor oil induced diarrhoea method. The phytochemical screening was done using various chemical tests. Alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, amino acids, anthraquinones, glycosides are confirmed to be present in the leaf. Carminative activity of extract was found significantly less with 5mL, when compared with 10mL extract. The antidiarrheal activity observed in the animals treated with 200mg/kg showed significant activity compared with the animals treated with 100mg/kg. The study revealed that carminative activity and antidiarrheal activity of methanolic extract of C. maxima. May be the extract acts on circular and longitudinal intestinal muscle by inhibiting acetylcholine and prostaglandins, which reduces peristaltic movements and prolongs transmit time, reduces fecal volume, increases viscosity and viscous fluid and electrolyte loss. The compound in the extract causes mild irritation resulting in vasodilation of gastrointestinal muscles, thereby relieving cramping and expels gas

The problem of dehydration in pediatrics

Dehydration syndrome often complicates the course of various diseases in children. The article covers the main pathological conditions that are accompanied by fluid loss, such as infectious diarrhea, cyclic vomiting syndrome, non-diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis. The pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to water and electrolyte loss are described, as well as methods for correc­ting dehydration in pediatrics. We presented the results of a clinical study of Reogel, which was used for oral rehydration in children with acute infectious diarrhea receiving inpatient treatment. According to the results of this observation, we did not find a significant difference in the duration of the main clinical symptoms of the disease, such as diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration symptoms, as well as the frequency and duration of parenteral rehydration between groups of children receiving Reogel and standard oral rehydration. The results of this study give grounds to consider Reogel as an alternative to traditional oral rehydration in children with infectious diarrhea, accompanied by mild and moderate dehydration.

Effect of applying nurses driven electrolyte repletion protocol on electrolyte disturbances control among critically ill patients

Background and objective: Electrolyte disturbances remain a common lifesaving issue in the intensive care units. They are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. They are mostly resulted secondary to critical illness itself or associated treatment modalities. Therefore, electrolytes repletion should be done effectively and timely. This could be ensured using nurse driven protocols rather than traditional methods of repletion. These protocols are nurse initiated and collaboratively developed. They have been shown to improve patient care outcomes through the provision of high quality care. They are increasingly being used in the critical care setting. Objective: Determine the effect of applying nurses driven electrolytes repletion protocol on electrolytes disturbance control among critically ill patients.Methods: Quasi experimental research design was used. Sixty two critically ill patients with electrolytes loss were enrolled in the study at Alexandria Main University Hospital intensive care units, Egypt. All episodes of electrolyte loss were evaluated. Repletion of electrolyte loss was done according to unit routine for the control group and nurses driven electrolytes repletion protocol for the study group. Episodes of electrolyte disturbances, adverse events and timing of repletion were evaluated.Results: Neurological disorders represent the most encountered diagnosis. The most common cause of electrolyte loss in was the use of diuretics. Furthermore, there was a highly statistical difference between the two groups as regard electrolytes levels, effectiveness and timing of replacement.Conclusions: Application of nurses driven electrolyte repletion protocol resulted in improvements in the effectiveness and timeliness of electrolyte replacement.

Research on Proton Exchange Membranes for Improving Valve Regulated Sealed Lead-Acid Battery Cycling Performance

In this article, proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are used as separators for lead-acid batteries. Ion migration experiments are conducted to prove the efficacy of PEMs in blocking the passage of antimony ions. The cells are then assembled into a battery to undergo charge–discharge, life cycle, and electrolyte loss testing. The results show that PEMs are effective at reducing the migration of antimony ions from the cathode alloy grid to the anode while suppressing hydrogen formation and electrolyte loss, which greatly improves coulombic efficiency and cycle life of the battery.

Regeneration and Repair of Skin Wounds: Various Strategies for Treatment

Skin as a mechanical barrier between the inner and outer environment of our body protects us against infection and electrolyte loss. This organ consists of 3 layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Any disruption in the integrity of skin leads to the formation of wounds, which are divided into 2 main categories: acute wounds and chronic wounds. Generally, acute wounds heal relatively faster. In contrast to acute wounds, closure of chronic wounds is delayed by 3 months after the initial insult. Treatment of chronic wounds has been one of the most challenging issues in the field of regenerative medicine, promoting scientists to develop various therapeutic strategies for a fast, qualified, and most cost-effective treatment modality. Here, we reviewed more recent approaches, including the development of stem cell therapy, tissue-engineered skin substitutes, and skin equivalents, for the healing of complex wounds.

Changes in biochemical parameters in horses during 40 km and 80 km endurance races

During intensive physical activity horses are exposed to thermolysis, electrolyte loss and rising amounts of catabolic products, which results in alterations of biochemical blood parameters due to the horse’s adaptation to metabolic stress. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of intensive physical activity on serum biochemical parameters in horses competing in 40 and 80 km endurance races. Blood samples were taken from 28 horses before and after the race over four competitions, with a total of 53 samples analyzed. Biochemical parameters studied included creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The extent of change in pre- and post-race values was compared between categories of age, gender, breed, distance and average speed of horses. Creatine kinase and blood glucose values prior to the race were higher than the reference values. Values of renal parameters and parameters of muscle damage increased after the races, and the degree of change was more pronounced at longer racing lengths, as well as at lower average speed. Electrolyte loss was more prominent during longer races. This study demonstrated that endurance races cause evident changes in serum electrolyte concentrations, renal parameters and markers of muscle damage in horses. These changes are observable in horses at both short and long duration endurance races.

Gambaran Keton Urin pada Primigravida Trimester 1 dengan Hiperemesis Gravidarum di RS Islam Sitti Maryam Manado

Hyperemesis gravidarum could cause weight loss of more than 5%, dehydration, and electrolyte loss. In this condition the body will metabolize fat, therefore, there is an increase in ketone level in the blood (ketosis) which can deplete the body's base reserve and cause acidosis as well as ketones in the urine (ketonuria). In some cases it can cause fetal death or even the mother. This study was aimed to obtain the description of urinary ketone in primigravids in first trimester with hyperemesis gravidarum in Manado. This was an observational descriptive study with a cross sectional design. Urine samples were taken by using non-probability sampling with consecutive sampling. The results showed 10 primigravids in first trimester with hyperemesis treated at Sitti Maryam Islamic Hospital Manado during November-December 2018. Based on the laboratory tests performed on all subjects, there were 3 primigravids (30%) who had ketonuria. Conclusion: Some primigravids in first trimester with hyperemesis gravidarum had ketonuria.Keywords: primigravids, first trimester, hyperemesis, ketonuria Abstrak: Pada hiperemesis gravidarum dapat terjadi penurunan berat badan hingga lebih dari 5%, dehidrasi, dan kehilangan elektrolit. Pada keadaan ini tubuh akan memetabolisme lemak sehingga terjadi peningkatan kadar keton dalam darah (ketosis) yang dapat menghabiskan cadangan basa tubuh dan menyebabkan asidosis serta terdapatnya keton dalam urin (ketonuria). Pada beberapa kasus dapat terjadi kematian janin maupun ibu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran keton urin pada primigravida trimester I dengan hiperemesis gravidarum di Kota Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel urin diambil dengan cara non-probability sampling jenis consecutive sampling. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan subyek penelitian yang terdiri dari 10 primigravida trimester 1 dengan hiperemesis yang dirawat di RS Islam Sitti Maryam Manado selama bulan November-Desember 2018. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium dari 10 subyek (100%) terdapat 3 primigravida (30%) yang mengalami keton-uria. Simpulan: Sebagian primigravida trimester I dengan hiperemesis gravidarum mengalami ketonuria.Kata kunci: primigravida, trimester 1, hiperemesis, ketonuria