Glial cells phagocytose neuronal debris during the metamorphosis of the central nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster

1996 ◽  
Vol 206 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cantera ◽  
Gerhard M. Technau
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Development and organization of glial cells in the peripheral nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Giangrande ◽  
M.A. Murray ◽  
J. Palka
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Early Event ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Wing Discs ◽  
Enhancer Trap Lines

We have used enhancer trap lines as markers to recognize glial cells in the wing peripheral nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster. Their characterization has enabled us to define certain features of glial differentiation and organization. In order to ask whether glial cells originate within the disc or whether they migrate to the wing nerves from the central nervous system, we used two approaches. In cultured wing discs from glial-specific lines, peripheral glial precursors are already present within the imaginal tissue during the third larval stage. Glial cells differentiate on a wing nerve even in mutants in which that nerve does not connect to the central nervous system. To assess whether peripheral glial cells originate from ectoderm or from mesoderm, we cultured discs from which the mesodermally derived adepithelial cells had been removed. Our findings indicate that peripheral glial cells originate from ectodermally derived cells. As has already been shown for the embryonic central nervous system, gliogenesis in the periphery is an early event during adult development: glial cells, or their precursors, are already present at stages when neurons are still differentiating. Finally, our results also suggest that peripheral glial cells may not display a stereotyped arrangement.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

Radioautographic evidence for the protracted proliferation of glial cells in the central nervous system of jimpy mice

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Privat ◽  
J. Valat ◽  
F. Lachapelle ◽  
N. Baumann ◽  
J. Fulcrand
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Jimpy Mice

scholarly journals Expression of a Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholine receptor-related gene in the central nervous system.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 778-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Wadsworth ◽  
L S Rosenthal ◽  
K L Kammermeyer ◽  
M B Potter ◽  
D J Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptor ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Homology ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Salivary Gland Polytene Chromosome ◽  
The Central Nervous System

We isolated Drosophila melanogaster genomic sequences with nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology to subunits of vertebrate acetylcholine receptor by hybridization with a Torpedo acetylcholine receptor subunit cDNA probe. Five introns are present in the portion of the Drosophila gene encoding the unprocessed protein and are positionally conserved relative to the human acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit gene. The Drosophila genomic clone hybridized to salivary gland polytene chromosome 3L within region 64B and was termed AChR64B. A 3-kilobase poly(A)-containing transcript complementary to the AChR64B clone was readily detectable by RNA blot hybridizations during midembryogenesis, during metamorphosis, and in newly enclosed adults. AChR64B transcripts were localized to the cellular regions of the central nervous system during embryonic, larval, pupal, and adult stages of development. During metamorphosis, a temporal relationship between the morphogenesis of the optic lobe and expression of AChR64B transcripts was observed.

Some fly sensory organs are gliogenic and require glide/gcm in a precursor that divides symmetrically and produces glial cells

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (17) ◽  
pp. 3735-3743 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Van De Bor ◽  
R. Walther ◽  
A. Giangrande
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Glial Precursor

In flies, the choice between neuronal and glial fates depends on the asymmetric division of multipotent precursors, the neuroglioblast of the central nervous system and the IIb precursor of the sensory organ lineage. In the central nervous system, the choice between the two fates requires asymmetric distribution of the glial cell deficient/glial cell missing (glide/gcm) RNA in the neuroglioblast. Preferential accumulation of the transcript in one of the daughter cells results in the activation of the glial fate in that cell, which becomes a glial precursor. Here we show that glide/gcm is necessary to induce glial differentiation in the peripheral nervous system. We also present evidence that glide/gcm RNA is not necessary to induce the fate choice in the peripheral multipotent precursor. Indeed, glide/gcm RNA and protein are first detected in one daughter of IIb but not in IIb itself. Thus, glide/gcm is required in both central and peripheral glial cells, but its regulation is context dependent. Strikingly, we have found that only subsets of sensory organs are gliogenic and express glide/gcm. The ability to produce glial cells depends on fixed, lineage related, cues and not on stochastic decisions. Finally, we show that after glide/gcm expression has ceased, the IIb daughter migrates and divides symmetrically to produce several mature glial cells. Thus, the glide/gcm-expressing cell, also called the fifth cell of the sensory organ, is indeed a glial precursor. This is the first reported case of symmetric division in the sensory organ lineage. These data indicate that the organization of the fly peripheral nervous system is more complex than previously thought.

scholarly journals Drosophila Zic family member odd-paired is needed for adult post-ecdysis maturation

Open Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 190245
Author(s):  
Eléanor Simon ◽  
Sergio Fernández de la Puebla ◽  
Isabel Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Behavioural Sequence

Specific neuropeptides regulate in arthropods the shedding of the old cuticle (ecdysis) followed by maturation of the new cuticle. In Drosophila melanogaster , the last ecdysis occurs at eclosion from the pupal case, with a post-eclosion behavioural sequence that leads to wing extension, cuticle stretching and tanning. These events are highly stereotyped and are controlled by a subset of crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) neurons through the expression of the neuropeptide Bursicon (Burs). We have studied the role of the transcription factor Odd-paired (Opa) during the post-eclosion period. We report that opa is expressed in the CCAP neurons of the central nervous system during various steps of the ecdysis process and in peripheral CCAP neurons innerving the larval muscles involved in adult ecdysis. We show that its downregulation alters Burs expression in the CCAP neurons. Ectopic expression of Opa, or the vertebrate homologue Zic2 , in the CCAP neurons also affects Burs expression, indicating an evolutionary functional conservation. Finally, our results show that, independently of its role in Burs regulation, Opa prevents death of CCAP neurons during larval development.

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