scholarly journals Relationship between endothelin and nitric oxide pathways in the onset and maintenance of hypertension in children and adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simonetta Genovesi ◽  
Marco Giussani ◽  
Antonina Orlando ◽  
Giulia Lieti ◽  
Francesca Viazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Vasodilator Effect ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Vasoconstrictor Effect ◽  
Hypertension In Children ◽  
Nitric Oxide Bioavailability ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe mechanisms that regulate blood pressure are numerous and complex; one mechanism that plays an important role in this scenario is represented by the balance between the vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin-1 and the vasodilator effect of nitric oxide. While there is agreement on the fact that increased endothelin-1 activity and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability are present in hypertensive adults, the situation is less clear in children and adolescents. Not all studies agree on the finding of an increase in plasma endothelin-1 levels in hypertensive children and adolescents; in addition, the picture is often confused by the concomitant presence of obesity, a condition that stimulates the production of endothelin-1. Furthermore, there is recent evidence that, in younger obese and hypertensive subjects, there is an overproduction of nitric oxide, rather than a reduction. This condition may change over time, causing endothelial dysfunction due to a reduced availability of nitric oxide in hypertensive adolescents. The purpose of this review is to address the main biochemical and pathophysiological aspects of endothelin and nitric oxide involvement in hypertension and to summarize the available scientific evidence on their role in the onset and maintenance of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: A Position Statement From a Panel of Multidisciplinary Experts Coordinated by the French Society of Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Béatrice Bouhanick ◽  
Philippe Sosner ◽  
Karine Brochard ◽  
Claire Mounier-Véhier ◽  
Geneviève Plu-Bureau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Care Pathway ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
French Society ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Hypertension In Children

Hypertension is much less common in children than in adults. The group of experts decided to perform a review of the literature to draw up a position statement that could be used in everyday practice. The group rated recommendations using the GRADE approach. All children over the age of 3 years should have their blood pressure measured annually. Due to the lack of data on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with blood pressure values, the definition of hypertension in children is a statistical value based on the normal distribution of blood pressure in the paediatric population, and children and adolescents are considered as having hypertension when their blood pressure is greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Nevertheless, it is recommended to use normative blood pressure tables developed according to age, height and gender, to define hypertension. Measuring blood pressure in children can be technically challenging and several measurement methods are listed here. Regardless of the age of the child, it is recommended to carefully check for a secondary cause of hypertension as in 2/3 of cases it has a renal or cardiac origin. The care pathway and principles of the therapeutic strategy are described here.

scholarly journals Role of insulin during the development of oligofructose (OF)-induced equine laminitis

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
Renli Jiang ◽  
Li Gao ◽  
Guanying Wang ◽  
Xinran Li ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Glucose Oxidase ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Horses (n = 20) were divided into 2 groups: oligofructose (OF)-induced equine laminitis group (group OF; n = 11) which received 10 g/kg b.w. of OF dissolved in 4 L water via nasogastric intubation, and control group (NS; n = 9) which received 4 L of saline. Blood was collected at 4 h intervals over 72 h study period and analysed by ELISA, kinetic limulus amoebocyte lysate assay, and glucose-oxidase methods. The level of insulin changed significantly in horses which received OF (P < 0.01); there was a significant negative correlation between the level of adiponectin and insulin over time. The results suggested that insulin may play an important role in the development of OF-induced equine laminitis by altering the level of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide.

Secondary Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: Novel Insights

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Chrysaidou ◽  
Athanasia Chainoglou ◽  
Vasiliki Karava ◽  
John Dotis ◽  
Nikoleta Printza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Secondary Hypertension ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Rising Incidence ◽  
Hypertension In Children

Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, not only in adults, but in youths also, as it is associated with long-term negative health effects. The predominant type of hypertension in children is the secondary hypertension, with the chronic kidney disease being the most common cause, however, nowadays, there is a rising incidence of primary hypertension due to the rising incidence of obesity in children. Although office blood pressure has guided patient management for many years, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provides useful information, facilitates the diagnosis and management of hypertension in children and adolescents, by monitoring treatment and evaluation for secondary causes or specific phenotypes of hypertension. In the field of secondary hypertension, there are numerous studies, which have reported a strong association between different determinants of 24-hour blood pressure profile and the underlying cause. In addition, in children with secondary hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring parameters offer the unique advantage to identify pediatric low- and high-risk children for target organ damage. Novel insights in the pathogenesis of hypertension, including the role of perinatal factors or new cardiovascular biomarkers, such as fibroblast growth factor 23, need to be further evaluated in the near future.

Prostanoids suppress the coronary vasoconstrictor influence of endothelin after myocardial infarction

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (3) ◽  
pp. H1080-H1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent J. de Beer ◽  
Yannick J. Taverne ◽  
Diederik W. Kuster ◽  
Aref Najafi ◽  
Dirk J. Duncker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Vasodilator Effect ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cyclooxygenase 1 ◽  
Vasoconstrictor Effect ◽  
Endothelial Control ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide ◽  
Coronary Vasoconstrictor

Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with endothelial dysfunction resulting in an imbalance in endothelium-derived vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. We have previously shown that despite increased endothelin (ET) plasma levels, the coronary vasoconstrictor effect of endogenous ET is abolished after MI. In normal swine, nitric oxide (NO) and prostanoids modulate the vasoconstrictor effect of ET. In light of the interaction among NO, prostanoids, and ET combined with endothelial dysfunction present after MI, we investigated this interaction in control of coronary vasomotor tone in the remote noninfarcted myocardium after MI. Studies were performed in chronically instrumented swine (18 normal swine; 13 swine with MI) at rest and during treadmill exercise. Furthermore, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cyclooxygenase protein levels were measured in the anterior (noninfarcted) wall of six normal and six swine with MI. eNOS inhibition with Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) and cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin each resulted in coronary vasoconstriction at rest and during exercise, as evidenced by a decrease in coronary venous oxygen levels. The effect of l-NNA was slightly decreased in swine with MI, although eNOS expression was not altered. Conversely, in accordance with the unaltered expression of cyclooxygenase-1 after MI, the effect of indomethacin was similar in normal and MI swine. l-NNA enhanced the vasodilator effect of the ETA/B receptor blocker tezosentan but exclusively during exercise in both normal and MI swine. Interestingly, this effect of l-NNA was blunted in MI compared with normal swine. In contrast, whereas indomethacin increased the vasodilator effect of tezosentan only during exercise in normal swine, indomethacin unmasked a coronary vasodilator effect of tezosentan in MI swine both at rest and during exercise. In conclusion, the present study shows that endothelial control of the coronary vasculature is altered in post-MI remodeled myocardium. Thus the overall vasodilator influences of NO as well as its inhibition of the vasoconstrictor influence of ET on the coronary resistance vessels were reduced after MI. In contrast, while the overall prostanoid vasodilator influence was maintained, its inhibition of ET vasoconstrictor influences was enhanced in post-MI remote myocardium.

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