A comparison of bioclimatic potential in two global regions during the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century

The debate over both community and planning and the large issue of their coming together in community planning reflected the economic and political changes since the 1970s. In the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century socially-driven planning more broadly addressed the issues and concerns of what community is in a locally given context and in a globally transforming world. Lived difference and situated knowledge distinguish one community from another community. The effects of globalisation, neocolonialism, neoliberalism and austerity impact communities around the globe.

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Evaluation of flood damage reduction throughout Japan from adaptation measures taken under a range of emissions mitigation scenarios

Climatic Change ◽

10.1007/s10584-021-03081-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 165 (3-4) ◽

Author(s):

Tao Yamamoto ◽

So Kazama ◽

Yoshiya Touge ◽

Hayata Yanagihara ◽

Tsuyoshi Tada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Flood Damage ◽

First Century ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Damage Cost ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Inundation Depth ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Late Twentieth Century

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of climate change on flood damage and the effects of mitigation measures and combinations of multiple adaptation measures in reducing flood damage. The inundation depth was calculated using a two-dimensional unsteady flow model. The flood damage cost was estimated from the unit evaluation value set for each land use and prefectures and the calculated inundation depth distribution. To estimate the flood damage in the near future and the late twenty-first century, five global climate models were used. These models provided daily precipitation, and the change of the extreme precipitation was calculated. In addition to the assessment of the impacts of climate change, certain adaptation measures (land-use control, piloti building, and improvement of flood control level) were discussed, and their effects on flood damage cost reduction were evaluated. In the case of the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, the damage cost in the late twenty-first century will increase to 57% of that in the late twentieth century. However, if mitigation measures were to be undertaken according to RCP2.6 standards, the increase of the flood damage cost will stop, and the increase of the flood damage cost will be 28% of that in the late twentieth century. By implementing adaptation measures in combination rather than individually, it is possible to keep the damage cost in the future period even below that in the late twentieth century. By implementing both mitigation and adaptation measures, it is possible to reduce the flood damage cost in the late twenty-first century to 69% of that in the late twentieth century.

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The Computer Judge

Online Courts and the Future of Justice ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198838364.003.0032 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Susskind

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Natural Language ◽

Liberal Democracy ◽

First Century ◽

Political Preferences ◽

Computer Scientists ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

Programming Systems ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Late Twentieth Century

What mutton-headed, technologically myopic luddite said this? I confess that these are my own words, as they appeared in 1986 in the Modern Law Review. Although this was comfortably more than thirty years ago, I can recall quite vividly what was going through my head (for want of a better term) when I wrote that passage. Today, I disagree with much that I said then. Emotionally, I no longer have any sense of horror in contemplating the possibility that judges might roundly be outperformed by machines. Technically, the passage of time has put me out of date. Computers often can (in some constrained circumstances) satisfactorily process speech and natural language. I also failed (along with most computer scientists) to predict that many of the remarkable advances in computing would come not through explicitly programming systems (whether, for example, to exhibit political preferences or creativity) but through machines ‘learning’ from vast sets of accumulated data. Morally, when I spoke of the values of western liberal democracy, I was reflecting the mood of the late twentieth century. As technology advances, it transpires, as Jamie Susskind explains in Future Politics, that our political conceptions change too. Liberal democracy in the twenty-first century may be significantly different from its ancestor.

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Impacts of climate change on hurricane flood hazards in Jamaica Bay, New York

Climatic Change ◽

10.1007/s10584-020-02932-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 163 (4) ◽

pp. 2153-2171

Author(s):

Reza Marsooli ◽

Ning Lin

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

First Century ◽

Flood Hazards ◽

Flood Events ◽

Flood Level ◽

Jamaica Bay ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Late Twentieth Century

AbstractSea level rise (SLR) and tropical cyclone (TC) climatology change could impact future flood hazards in Jamaica Bay—an urbanized back-barrier bay in New York—yet their compound impacts are not well understood. This study estimates the compound effects of SLR and TC climatology change on flood hazards in Jamaica Bay from a historical period in the late twentieth century (1980–2000) to future periods in the mid- and late-twenty-first century (2030–2050 and 2080–2100, under RCP8.5 greenhouse gas concentration scenario). Flood return periods are estimated based on probabilistic projections of SLR and peak storm tides simulated by a hydrodynamic model for large numbers of synthetic TCs. We find a substantial increase in the future flood hazards, e.g., the historical 100-year flood level would become a 9- and 1-year flood level in the mid- and late-twenty-first century and the 500-year flood level would become a 143- and 4-year flood level. These increases are mainly induced by SLR. However, TC climatology change would considerably contribute to the future increase in low-probability, high-consequence flood levels (with a return period greater than 100 year), likely due to an increase in the probability of occurrence of slow-moving but intense TCs by the end of twenty-first century. We further conduct high-resolution coastal flood simulations for a series of SLR and TC scenarios. Due to the SLR projected with a 5% exceedance probability, 125- and 1300-year flood events in the late-twentieth century would become 74- and 515-year flood events, respectively, in the late-twenty-first century, and the spatial extent of flooding over coastal floodplains of Jamaica Bay would increase by nearly 10 and 4 times, respectively. In addition, SLR leads to larger surface waves induced by TCs in the bay, suggesting a potential increase in hazards associated with wave runup, erosion, and damage to coastal infrastructure.

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Junkspace

October ◽

10.1162/016228702320218457 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

pp. 175-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Rem Koolhaas

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

First Century ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

World Class ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Late Twentieth Century

Logan Airport: A World-Class Upgrade for the Twenty-first Century Late-Twentieth Century Billboard

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Listening to Advisors: A Conversation About Readers’ Advisory Services, Practice, and Practicing

Reference & User Services Quarterly ◽

10.5860/rusq.59.1.7218 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 2

Author(s):

Neal Wyatt

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Public Library ◽

First Century ◽

The Public ◽

Early Twenty ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

Book Group ◽

Reference Tools ◽

Second Wave ◽

Late Twentieth Century

As RA service has moved from its second-wave renaissance during the late twentieth century/early twenty-first century (with a steady stream of reference tools, conference programming, and think pieces) into an often underpromoted but bedrock mainstay of the public library, what do advisors continue to discuss among themselves and see as areas of need? If you could gather a handful of advisors together, over a cup of coffee one rainy morning before book group began, what would they talk about? What would they ask each other? What do they know to be foundational about the service? As important, what might they suggest we all re-think? This column invites you to eavesdrop on such a conversation. It was conducted over email between six advisors: two at the start of their careers, two helping to define the field, and two who have lead the way for librarians, for a combined eight decades. These advisors share research, hard-won and lived-in lessons, showcase the luminous nature of RA work as well as its difficulties, propose a change for RA education, and, of course, each suggests a book to read.

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Sportsworld of the Hanshin Tigers

10.1525/california/9780520299412.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

William W. Kelly

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Soap Opera ◽

First Century ◽

Professional Baseball ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

Modern Japan ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Late Twentieth Century

Baseball has been Japan’s national pastime for over a century, and the Hanshin Tigers have long been the country’s second favorite professional team in its second-largest city. This ethnography, based on multiple years of fieldwork, analyzes Hanshin Tiger baseball as a complex sportsworld, the collective product and the converging actions of the players themselves, demanding coaches, layers of intrusive management, a large and prying media, and millions of passionate and organized fans across the Kansai region. It explains the team’s popularity through decades of futility in the late twentieth century and charts the recent changes that have transformed it into a regularly competitive team. Over these years, the Hanshin Tigers have been a long-running soap opera of workplace melodrama and second-city anxiety, and they illustrate the enduring features and new vulnerabilities of professional baseball in the twenty-first century. The book demonstrates the significance of baseball for modern Japan and the importance of ethnography in critical sport studies.

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The Subtle Art: Educating the Musician of the Twenty-First Century

Medical Problems of Performing Artists ◽

10.21091/mppa.2005.1009 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 52-55

Author(s):

Joseph W Polisi

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

First Century ◽

General Solutions ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Late Twentieth Century ◽

Looking Back ◽

Formative Years

The broad goals of this paper are to discuss the relation of the art of music to our society and our culture, to examine the artist as an individual in today's world, and most importantly, to present some of the personal and artistic conflicts that young musicians may experience during their formative years. In addition, I will suggest a few general solutions that address the problems inherent in educating the performing musician of the late twentieth century. [In celebration of MPPA's 20 years of publication, we are looking back at some of the notable articles that appeared in the early issues. This paper was published originally in December 1986 MPPA.]

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VIRAL MUSICKING: AESTHETICS AND ITERATIONS IN ONLINE CONTAGION

AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research ◽

10.5210/spir.v2020i0.11228 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Paula Clare Harper

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Science Fiction ◽

First Century ◽

The Internet ◽

Digital Devices ◽

Early Twenty ◽

Social Media Platforms ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Late Twentieth Century

Cats at keyboards. Dancing hamsters. A photo of a dress, and videos set to “Harlem Shake.” The above are recognizable as “viral” phenomena—artifacts of the early twenty-first century whose production and dissemination were facilitated by the internet, proliferating social media platforms, and ubiquitous digital devices. In this paper, I argue that participation in such phenomena (producing, consuming, circulating, or “sharing” them) constitutes a significant site of twenty-first-century musical practice: viral musicking, to borrow and adapt Christopher Small’s foundational 1998 coinage. In this paper I analyze instances of viral musicking from the 2000s through the 2010s, tracking viral circulation as heterogeneous, capacious, and contradictory—a dynamic, relational assemblage of both “new” and “old” media and practices. The notion of virus as a metaphor for cultural spread is often credited to computer science and science fiction, with subsequent co-option into marketing and media; such formulations run adjacent to the popularization of "virus" in philosophical models for globalization and pervasive capitalism across the late twentieth century, from Derrida to Baudrillard and Deleuze. In this paper, I seek to braid these lineages with the work of scholars reading cultural contagion through lenses of alterity and difference, situating music as a particularly felicitous vector for viral contagion, exceeding and preceding Internet circulation. Ultimately, I argue that viral musicking activates utopian promises of digital advocates, through the cooperative social operation of “sharing,” even as it resonates through histories and presents of racialization, miscegenation, appropriation, and the realities of porous, breachable borders, cultures, and bodies.

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