Evaluation of flood damage reduction throughout Japan from adaptation measures taken under a range of emissions mitigation scenarios

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of climate change on flood damage and the effects of mitigation measures and combinations of multiple adaptation measures in reducing flood damage. The inundation depth was calculated using a two-dimensional unsteady flow model. The flood damage cost was estimated from the unit evaluation value set for each land use and prefectures and the calculated inundation depth distribution. To estimate the flood damage in the near future and the late twenty-first century, five global climate models were used. These models provided daily precipitation, and the change of the extreme precipitation was calculated. In addition to the assessment of the impacts of climate change, certain adaptation measures (land-use control, piloti building, and improvement of flood control level) were discussed, and their effects on flood damage cost reduction were evaluated. In the case of the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, the damage cost in the late twenty-first century will increase to 57% of that in the late twentieth century. However, if mitigation measures were to be undertaken according to RCP2.6 standards, the increase of the flood damage cost will stop, and the increase of the flood damage cost will be 28% of that in the late twentieth century. By implementing adaptation measures in combination rather than individually, it is possible to keep the damage cost in the future period even below that in the late twentieth century. By implementing both mitigation and adaptation measures, it is possible to reduce the flood damage cost in the late twenty-first century to 69% of that in the late twentieth century.

PRIORITAS PENINGKATAN JALAN DI KABUPATEN PIDIE JAYA BERBASIS ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p class="11daftarpustaka"> </p><p class="11daftarpustaka">Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, telah mengusulkan peningkatan jalan ke Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Republik Indonesia sebanyak 5 ruas untuk ditingkatkan pada tahun 2021 dengan total biaya sebesar Rp. 16.731.593.750. Usulan peningkatan jalan tersebut di tahun 2021 tidak dapat ditingkatkan semua, karena adanya keterbatasan anggaran. Keterbatasan anggaran disebabkan adanya <em>refocusing</em> anggaran untuk penanganan <em>Corona Virus Disease </em>2019 (Covid 19) di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kriteria yang dominan perlu dipertimbangkan dalam peningkatan jalan di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya dan menganalisis urutan prioritas peningkatan jalan di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya berdasarkan kriteria kerusakan jalan, biaya peningkatan, dan tata guna lahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan metode kuantitatif melalui kuesioner.Data primer yang digunakan adalah data kuesioner. Pengumpulan data kuesioner dilakukan dengan menjumpai langsung keberadaan responden.Responden dalam penelitian ini ditetapkan sebanyak 5 <em>stakeholders</em> yaitu Kepala Bidang Bina Marga Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, Kepala Bidang Perencanaan Sarana dan Prasarana Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, Kepala Bidang Perhubungan Jalur Darat Dinas Perhubungan Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, Anggota Komisi D Bidang Pembangunan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, dan Akademisi Universitas Syiah Kuala. Kriteria yang ditinjau adalah kerusakan jalan, biaya peningkatan, dan tata guna lahan. Alternatif yang ditinjau adalah Jalan Blang Dalam – Jurong Teungoh, Jalan Jeulanga Barat – Jeulanga Mata Ie, Jalan Simpang Pertanian – Cot Trieng – Rungkom, Jalan Trienggadeng – Panton Beurasan – Cubo, dan Jalan Meurandeh Alue – Asan Kumbang – Blang Miroe.Teknik analisis data digunakan statistik deskriptif dan <em>Analytical Hierarchy Process</em> (AHP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kriteria yang dominan perlu dipertimbangkan dalam peningkatan jalan adalah kriteria biaya peningkatan dengan nilai rata-rata gabungan eigen sebesar 0,49. Prioritas peningkatan jalan berdasarkan kriteria kerusakan jalan, biaya peningkatan, dan tata guna lahan adalah Jalan Meurandeh Alue - Asan Kumbang - Blang Miroe sebagai prioritas 1 dengan bobot sebesar 0,38 dan Jalan Trienggadeng - Panton Beurasan - Cubo sebagai prioritas 2 dengan bobot sebesar 0,25.</p><p class="11daftarpustaka"> </p><p class="11daftarpustaka">Kata kunci: <em>prioritas, kerusakan jalan, biaya peningkatan, tata guna lahan</em><em></em></p><p class="11daftarpustaka"> </p><p><em> </em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p class="11daftarpustaka">The Public Works Office of Pidie Jaya Regency has proposed 5 sections to increase the road to the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia to be upgraded in 2021 with a total cost Rp. 16,731,593,750. All of the proposed road improvements in 2021 cannot be upgraded, due to budget constraints. The budget limitation is due to refocusing the budget for handling Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid 19) in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the dominant criteria that need to be considered in road improvement in Pidie Jaya Regency and to analyze the order of priority for road improvement in Pidie Jaya Regency based on the criteria for road damage, improvement costs, and land use. This study uses a quantitative method approach through a questionnaire. The primary data used is questionnaire data. The questionnaire data was collected by directly seeing the respondents. Respondents in this study were assigned as many as 5 stakeholders, namely the Head of the Bina Marga Division of the Public Works Office of Pidie Jaya Regency, the Head of the Planning for Facilities and Infrastructure of the Regional Development Planning Agency of Pidie Jaya Regency, the Head of the Land Line Transportation Division of the Pidie Jaya Regency Transportation Service, a Member of the Commission D Development Sector Pidie Jaya Regency People's Representative Council, and Syiah Kuala University Academics. The criteria reviewed are road damage, cost of upgrading, and land use. The alternatives reviewed are Jalan Blang Dalam - Jurong Teungoh, Jalan Jeulanga Barat - Jeulanga Mata Ie, Jalan Simpang Pertanian - Cot Trieng - Rungkom, Jalan Trienggadeng - Panton Beurasan - Cubo, and Jalan Meurandeh Alue - Asan Kumbang - Blang Miroe. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistics and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results show that the dominant criterion that needs to be considered in road improvement is the cost of improvement criteria with a combined average eigenvalue of 0.49. Road improvement priorities based on the criteria for road damage, improvement costs, and land use are Meurandeh Alue - Asan Kumbang - Blang Miroe Road as priority 1 with a weight of 0.38 and Jalan Trienggadeng - Panton Beurasan - Cubo as priority 2 with a weight of 0.25.</p><p class="11daftarpustaka"> </p><p class="11daftarpustaka">Keywords: <em>Priority, road damage, cost of improvement, land use</em></p>

Evaluation of Dam Water-Supply Capacity in Korea Using the Water-Shortage Index

This study evaluates the dam water-supply capacity in Korea using the water shortage index. The water-shortage index (SI) and generalized water-shortage index (GSI) used in this study are evaluated and modified slightly by considering both the damage cost due to water-supply failure and the construction cost of water-supply systems in Korea. The modified indices are then applied for performance evaluation of 16 multipurpose dams in Korea, whose results are evaluated using different units: each dam, each river basin, and all dams. In the analysis of the dam level and basin level, water-supply problems are detected in several dams and in some river basins. However, the SI and GSI estimated for all dams are found to be lower than 1. This result indicates that, even though the total amount of storage capacity is enough to satisfy the design supply, water resources are not well spatially distributed in Korea. It is also found that the modified indices are valid to describe the performance of each dam in water deficient regions during occurrence years of major droughts. In conclusion, the SI and GSI can offer alternative ways of evaluating dam water supply under different environmental conditions and potentially help determine optimal water-storage capacity of dams.

Damage-cost assessment of vernacular buildings against coastal flooding

&lt;p&gt;Coastlines across the globe have been experiencing threats due to rising sea-level. The global average rise in the annual sea level is projected to be 2 -3 mm putting the coastlines across the globe into a threat. South-East Asian countries would experience sea-level variation from 1.5 mm to 4.4 mm per year, exacerbating inundation risk due to tidal anomalies. Many of these countries bear relatively higher population density and fall under developing economy &amp;#8211; hence under-equipped to follow proactive strategies for adaptation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Recurring flood hazard incapacitates regional sustainability. Rapidly changing climate scenarios further add to the climate-hazard sensitivity by increasing the frequency of extremes. The coastal communities experience multiple threats of such climate sensitivity due to rising sea-level and high tide anomalies In the form of loss of life and livelihood, overbearing losses from disaster-related damages to the infrastructure damages. Particularly those associated with residential building impose significant liability on marginal groups, presenting &amp;#8216;disaster recovery&amp;#8217; nearly an impossible target to achieve. Therefore, damage reduction becomes an inevitable parameter for disaster risk reduction (DRR).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This research presents a methodology for the assessment of vernacular building typology in coastal areas of Sundarbans in eastern India. The area adjoining the Bay of Bengal is the part of largest Mangrove delta in the world The case area, Sagar Island has 75 percent of its population residing within traditional housing system that is now under potential economic stress due to reoccurring floods. The process begins with probing insight on the damage and failure pattern induced by floodwater to the housing and helps in the development of a systematic framework for &amp;#8216;damage preventing intervention&amp;#8217; for primary building typology. The study categorizes damage stages associated with the high tide flooding levels using the synthetic method of data collection. This is followed by damage cost calculation for the flood levels considering the available remedies. Therefore, suggesting a proactive approach for disaster resilient design depending on robustness and cost-effectiveness of the chosen remedies. As the vernacular buildings are still a popular habitat choice in various parts of developing/ urbanizing South Asia, the research finds a generic application for upgrading vernacular housing design standards for regional sustainability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords&lt;/strong&gt;: flood hazard, high tide flooding, climate change, vernacular housing, damage assessment&lt;/p&gt;

Estimating the marginal maintenance cost of different vehicle types on rail infrastructure

In this paper, we combine engineering and economic methods to estimate the relative maintenance cost of different types of damage on the Swedish rail infrastructure. The engineering method is good at predicting damage from traffic, while the economic method is suitable for establishing a relationship between damage and cost. We exploit the best features of both methods in a two-stage approach and demonstrate its applicability for rail infrastructure charging, based on a sample of 143 track sections comprising about 11,000 km of track. The paper implements for the first time the method previously proposed in Smith et al., whilst also enhancing the method in several respects. We demonstrate how the estimated relative maintenance costs related to different damage mechanisms can be used to calculate the marginal cost of different vehicle types. The results are relevant for infrastructure managers in Europe who wish to differentiate their track access charges such that each vehicle pays its short run-marginal damage cost, which can support more efficient use of the rail infrastructure and influence vehicle design to minimize system costs.