Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids, GPCR, and inflammatory bowel diseases

Background. The pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still not fully clarified. It is known that disorders of the intestinal microbiota lead to an increased intestinal permeability, activation of mucous and adaptive immunity, impaired production and intestinal absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The ratio of acetic, propionic, butyric acids is an important indicator of the integrity of the intestinal microbial community. Thus, the study of the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the concentrations of fecal SCFA is a very promising approach to broadening the understanding of IBD pathogenesis. The purpose of our study was to determine the features of the production of fecal SCFA and the composition of colon microbiota in patients with IBD. Materials and methods. The study, which was carried out at the Department of Intestinal Diseases of the Institute of Gastroenterology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, involved 74 patients with IBD with an average age of (43.2 ± 1.8) years, who according to nosology were divided into 2 groups: group I — those with ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 66), group II — individuals with Crohn’s disease (CD) (n = 8). The diagnoses of CD and UC were established according to generally accepted diagnostic standards in gastroenterology. Determination of fecal SCFA was carried out by chromatographic method with the use of hardware-software complex for medical researches on the basis of the gas chromatographer Chromateс Crystal 5000. The intestinal microflora was evaluated using a microbiological study of the colon content. Results. Patients with IBD had significant changes in the spectrum of SCFA, which were similar in both UC and CD: a decrease in acetic acid in the UC group by 5.7 times, in the CD group by 10.5 times (p < 0.05), butyric acid in the UC group by 1.6 times, in the CD group by 1.5 times (p < 0.05), and an increase in propionic acid in the UC group by 4 times and in the CD group by 3.3 times (p < 0.05) compared with the control group. There was also a significant increase in the anaerobic index in patients with IBD. Microbiological study of feces showed a significant decrease in Lactobacillus, which was observed in all patients with IBD, as well as a decrease in Bifidobacterium in 19.7 % of those with UC and in 37.5 % with CD. There was a decrease of other representatives of the normal microflora: Enterococci (in 15.2 % in the UC group and 25 % in the CD group) and Escherichia coli (in 15.2 % in the UC group and 12.5 % in the CD group). Excessive growth of opportunistic flora was also detected: hemolytic Escherichia coli was increased in 19.7 % of patients with UC and in 12.5 % of those with CD; Proteus was detected in 12.1 % of people with UC and in 37.5 % with CD. The excessive growth of Candida was found in 43.9 % of patients in the UC group and in 87.5 % of individuals with CD. Conclusions. Quantitative and qualitative deviations of the intestinal microbiota, such as a decrease in the number of major symbionts and an increase in the number of opportunistic pathogens, were observed in all examined patients with IBD. The obtained results showed that changes in SCFA concentrations in both nosologies of IBD differed significantly from those in the control group, which in combination with primary genetic defects of the barrier function of the epithelium and its regenerative ability can lead to deterioration in the course and prognosis of IBD. Evaluation of the ratio of SCFA fractions with the calculation of the anaerobic index may be useful for the diagnosis of intestinal dysbiosis in patients with IBD.

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Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased gut‐to‐blood penetration of short‐chain fatty acids: A new, non‐invasive marker of a functional intestinal lesion

Experimental Physiology ◽

10.1113/ep087773 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (8) ◽

pp. 1226-1236 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kinga Jaworska ◽

Marek Konop ◽

Klaudia Bielinska ◽

Tomasz Hutsch ◽

Marcin Dziekiewicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Intestinal Lesion ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

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Short chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease. The effect of bacterial fermentation of blood

Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation ◽

10.3109/00365518809085788 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 48 (7) ◽

pp. 667-671 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K. Holtug ◽

H. S. Rasmussen ◽

P. B. Mortensen

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Bacterial Fermentation ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

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Hemicellulose-Derived Oligosaccharides: Emerging Prebiotics in Disease Alleviation

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.670817 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Uttam Kumar Jana ◽

Naveen Kango ◽

Brett Pletschke

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Branched Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

The gut microbiota in the human body is an important component that plays a pivotal role in the ability of the host to prevent diseases and recover from these diseases. If the human microbiome changes for any reason, it affects the overall functioning of the host. Healthy and vigorous gut microbiota require dietary fiber supplementation. Recently, oligosaccharides have been found to play a significant role in the modulation of microbiota. Several such oligosaccharides, i.e., xylooligosaccharides (XOS), mannooligosaccharides (MOS), and arabino-xylooligosaccharides (AXOS), are derived from hemicellulosic macromolecules such as xylan, mannan, and arabino-xylan, respectively. These oligosaccharides serve as substrates for the probiotic production of health-promoting substances (short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids etc.), which confer a variety of health benefits, including the prevention of some dreaded diseases. Among hemicellulose-derived oligosaccharides (HDOs), XOS have been largely explored, whereas, studies on MOS and AXOS are currently underway. HDOs, upon ingestion, help reduce morbidities by lowering populations of harmful or pathogenic bacteria. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are mainly utilized for the uptake of oligosaccharides in probiotics. Butyrate generated by the selective fermentation of oligosaccharides, along with other short-chain fatty acids, reduces gut inflammation. Overall, oligosaccharides derived from hemicelluloses show a similar potential as conventional prebiotics and can be supplemented as functional foods. This review summarizes the role of HDOs in the alleviation of autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease), diabetes, urinary tract infection, cardiovascular diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the modulation of the gut microbiota. The mechanism of oligosaccharide utilization and disease mitigation is also explained.

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