Attenuation of a human H9N2 influenza virus in mammalian host by reassortment with an avian influenza virus

ABSTRACT In Hong Kong in 1997, a highly lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus was apparently transmitted directly from chickens to humans with no intermediate mammalian host and caused 18 confirmed infections and six deaths. Strategies must be developed to deal with this virus if it should reappear, and prospective vaccines must be developed to anticipate a future pandemic. We have determined that unadapted H5N1 viruses are pathogenic in mice, which provides a well-defined mammalian system for immunological studies of lethal avian influenza virus infection. We report that a DNA vaccine encoding hemagglutinin from the index human influenza isolate A/HK/156/97 provides immunity against H5N1 infection of mice. This immunity was induced against both the homologous A/HK/156/97 (H5N1) virus, which has no glycosylation site at residue 154, and chicken isolate A/Ck/HK/258/97 (H5N1), which does have a glycosylation site at residue 154. The mouse model system should allow rapid evaluation of the vaccine’s protective efficacy in a mammalian host. In our previous study using an avian model, DNA encoding hemagglutinin conferred protection against challenge with antigenic variants that differed from the primary antigen by 11 to 13% in the HA1 region. However, in our current study we found that a DNA vaccine encoding the hemagglutinin from A/Ty/Ir/1/83 (H5N8), which differs from A/HK/156/97 (H5N1) by 12% in HA1, prevented death but not H5N1 infection in mice. Therefore, a DNA vaccine made with a heterologous H5 strain did not prevent infection by H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice but was useful in preventing death.

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The viral polymerase mediates adaptation of an avian influenza virus to a mammalian host

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.0507415102 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 102 (51) ◽

pp. 18590-18595 ◽

Cited By ~ 470

Author(s):

G. Gabriel ◽

B. Dauber ◽

T. Wolff ◽

O. Planz ◽

H.-D. Klenk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Mammalian Host ◽

Viral Polymerase

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Wild bird-origin H3N8 avian influenza virus exhibit well adaptation in mammalian host

Journal of Infection ◽

10.1016/j.jinf.2021.12.014 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yitao Li ◽

Peidong Li ◽

Jing Xi ◽

Jie Yang ◽

Huiying Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Wild Bird ◽

Mammalian Host

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Overview of the Epidemiological Situation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Russia in 2018

Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections ◽

10.21055/0370-1069-2019-1-42-49 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 42-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V. Yu. Marchenko ◽

N. I. Goncharova ◽

V. A. Evseenko ◽

I. M. Susloparov ◽

E. V. Gavrilova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Avian Flu ◽

H9n2 Influenza Virus ◽

Epidemiological Situation

Analyzed was modern epidemiological situation on highly pathogenic avian flu in 2018. Prognosis for possible further distribution of viruses in the territory of Russia was made. In 2018, the situation on highly pathogenic avian flu in Russia was challenging. This was due to the spread of the viruses clade 2.3.4.4, which caused multiple outbreaks among wild birds and poultry in European part of Russia. In addition, A/H5N6 avian influenza virus circulation was for the first time detected in the Saratov Region during routine avian influenza virus surveillance. In May, 2018 two different lineages of avian influenza A/H9N2 were isolated during the outbreaks that occurred at several poultry plants in Primorsk Territory and Amur Region of Russia. Subsequently, that virus subtype continued spreading in Russia, which was recorded by detection of the A/H9N2 influenza virus in wild birds in the Khabarovsk and Tomsk Regions of Russia. Thus, it is shown yet again that the territory of Russia plays an important geographical role in the spread of avian influenza viruses.

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Genome Sequences of an H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Strain Found in Pakistan in 2017

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.00433-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (28) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dong-Hun Lee ◽

David E. Swayne ◽

Miria F. Criado ◽

Lindsay Killmaster ◽

Shumaila Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Genetic Analysis ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Virus Strain ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Mammalian Host ◽

Genome Sequences ◽

H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Influenza Virus Strain

In 2017, we isolated an H9N2 avian influenza virus in Pakistan. Genetic analysis showed that the A/chicken/Kasoor/SI36/2017(H9N2) isolate belongs to the G1 lineage. In addition, this isolate possesses mammalian host-specific mutations which could possibly favor interspecies transmission, suggesting that Pakistani H9N2 viruses are still potentially infectious for mammals.

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Evaluation of the effect of simultaneous infection with E. coli O2 and H9N2 influenza virus on inflammatory factors in broiler chickens

Veterinary Science Development ◽

10.4081/vsd.2014.5416 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Habiballah Dadras ◽

Saeed Nazifi ◽

Marzieh Shakibainia

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Sialic Acids ◽

Wing Vein ◽

H9n2 Influenza Virus ◽

E Coli ◽

Amyloid A ◽

Control Serum ◽

Group 1

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of experimental infection with Escherichia coli O2 and H9N2 influenza virus on inflammato- ry factors in broiler chickens. A total of 120 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks were divided randomly to 6 groups. Inoculation program with 109 EID50/bird of the A/Chicken/Iran/772/1998 (H9N2) virus and 109 CFU/mL/bird of E. coli O2 was carried out as follows: the chicks in group 1 were inoculated with virus and bacteria simultaneously on day 26, group 2 received virus on day 26 and then bacteria 3 days later, group 3 were inoculated with bacteria on day 23 and then virus on day 26, group 4 received only bacteria on day 26, group 5 were inoculated with only virus on day 26 and group 6 served as control. Serum samples were collected from wing vein at days 20, 30, and 40. Sera were examined for inflammatory mediators (TNF-a and INF-γ), acute phase reactants (haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) and gangliosides (total, lipid-bound and protein-bound sialic acids) using validated standard procedures. Among the measured parameters, serum gangliosides showed significant differences between the challenged and control groups in different days post inoculation (P<0.05). Significant increase in serum concentrations of serum sialic acids was observed on the 30th day in challenged groups. Elevations were found in the concentrations of serum gangliosides on day 40 compared to their first concentrations. The most obvious increase in serum sialic acids was observed in group 1 challenged with avian influenza virus and E. coli O2 simultaneously. Bacterial infected group showed more significant changes in comparison with viral infected one. These findings suggest that serum sialic acids may be a useful indicator of H9N2 avian influenza virus and avian pathogenic E. coli O2 co-infection.

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Rescue of H5N1 subtypeavian influenza A viruslethal to mice

Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology ◽

10.1017/s1479236207001374 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 87-92

Author(s):

Pan Wei-Qi ◽

Liu Ming ◽

Zhang Yun ◽

Liu Chun-Guo ◽

Yang Tao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Reverse Genetic System ◽

Mammalian Host ◽

Species Barrier ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Infectious Dose

AbstractAvian influenza virus is acquiring the ability to cross the species barrier between birds and mammals. However, the genetic mechanism of this ability is not well known. We successfully rescued aninfluenza A virusA/Chicken/Guangdong/03 (H5N1), which is highly pathogenic to both SPF chickens and BALB/c mice, by plasmid-based reverse genetics. The rescued virus, R-A/Chicken/Guangdong/03 (R-CG), and the wild-type A/Chicken/Guangdong/03 (W-CG) were found to share similar biological properties, such as in titres of 50% egg infectious dose (EID50), 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) and intravenous pathogenicity index (IPVI). R-CG, like W-CG, is highly pathogenic in mice following natural route infection. Both R-CG and W-CG viruses can be isolated from many organs of mice such as brain, lung, kidney and spleen. As a result, the constructed R-CG reverse genetic system can be used as a tool in the investigation of the molecular mechanism of infection of the mammalian host by avian influenza virus.

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