scholarly journals Accounting for adaptation and its effectiveness in International Environmental Agreements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Furini ◽  
Francesco Bosello
Keyword(s):  
International Environmental Agreements ◽  
Environmental Agreements ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Strategic Complements ◽  
Marginal Benefit ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Reaction Functions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

AbstractThis paper analyses, within a standard International Environmental Agreement game, the effect of the introduction of adaptation on climate negotiation. The model expands the existing literature by considering a double relation between the two strategies. The common assumption that higher mitigation decreases the marginal benefit of adaptation and vice versa is enriched allowing for the possibility that mitigation, leading to lower and more manageable damages, determines a greater effectiveness of adaptive measures. We find the possibility for adaptation and mitigation to be strategic complements and not, as commonly believed, substitutes. Yet, as already known from the literature, the presence of adaptation can determine upward-sloping mitigation reaction functions regardless of the strategic relationship between mitigation and adaptation. When this is the case, the grand coalition can form. Nonetheless, large participation can induce substantive welfare gains only if adaptation and mitigation are strategic complements.

Asymmetries in international environmental agreements

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Pavlova ◽  
Aart de Zeeuw
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
International Environmental Agreements ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Environmental Agreements ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
Stable Coalition ◽  
The Common

AbstractThis paper considers self-enforcing international environmental agreements when countries are asymmetric with respect to emission-related benefits and environmental damage. Considering these asymmetries simultaneously yields large stable coalitions, also without the option of transfers between signatories. However, these large stable coalitions are only possible if they include countries that have relatively high marginal benefits and a relatively low marginal environmental damage. This type of countries hardly contributes to the common good and the gains of cooperation from including this type of countries in the stable coalition are small. This confirms a persistent result in this literature that large stable coalitions usually go hand in hand with low gains of cooperation. Without the option of transfers it is always better to have a small stable coalition with countries that matter than a large stable coalition with countries that do not matter. Only with transfers might a large stable coalition be able to perform better.

International Environmental Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenaz B. Seelarbokus
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Law ◽  
International Environmental Agreements ◽  
First Century ◽  
Environmental Agreements ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
International Laws ◽  
The Common

Over the course of the twenty-first century, international environmental cooperation has been spurred through various new international environmental institutions and programs, and a dramatic strengthening of international environmental law-making. With the burst of environmental treaty-making the corpus of international environmental law (IEL) has expanded to include significant international environmental agreements (IEAs) in the sphere of climate change, ozone layer depletion, biodiversity, and so on; as well as the recognition of important principles such as good neighborliness and the common heritage. IEAs function similarly to international treaties—indeed, the only difference between an IEA and other international treaties lies in the subject matter. IEAs function as the instrument for laying down the principles of international laws binding upon states was established by the 1815 Congress of Vienna. Over the years, IEAs have not simply increased in number, but have also undergone an evolution in their structural design. In the early 1930s, IEAs tended to be simple in terms of their requirements, vague in terms of their objectives, and utilitarian in their ethos for protecting the environment. With time, however, as environmental sciences evolved to incorporate new principles and concepts, the structure of IEAs has followed in tandem to incorporate the new understandings and the new concerns.

Overlapping International Environmental Agreements

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-134
Author(s):  
Rachael E. Goodhue ◽  
Susan Stratton Sayre ◽  
Leo K. Simon
Keyword(s):  
International Environmental Agreements ◽  
Environmental Agreements

Student Perceptions of Community: A Different Perspective

NASPA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Clark ◽  
Joan Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research University ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Public Research University ◽  
The Common ◽  
Using Data

The creation of small communities has been proposed as a way of enhancing the educational experience of students at large institutions. Using data from a survey of students living in large and small residences at a public research university, this study does not support the common assumption that small-scale social environments are more conducive to positive community life than large-scale social environments.

scholarly journals Śaivism after the Śaiva Age: Continuities in the Scriptural Corpus of the Vīramāheśvaras

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Elaine M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Academic Practice ◽  
The Common ◽  
Popular Work ◽  
First Time

This article makes the case that Vīraśaivism emerged in direct textual continuity with the tantric traditions of the Śaiva Age. In academic practice up through the present day, the study of Śaivism, through Sanskrit sources, and bhakti Hinduism, through the vernacular, are generally treated as distinct disciplines and objects of study. As a result, Vīraśaivism has yet to be systematically approached through a philological analysis of its precursors from earlier Śaiva traditions. With this aim in mind, I begin by documenting for the first time that a thirteenth-century Sanskrit work of what I have called the Vīramāheśvara textual corpus, the Somanāthabhāṣya or Vīramāheśvarācārasāroddhārabhāṣya, was most likely authored by Pālkurikĕ Somanātha, best known for his vernacular Telugu Vīraśaiva literature. Second, I outline the indebtedness of the early Sanskrit and Telugu Vīramāheśvara corpus to a popular work of early lay Śaivism, the Śivadharmaśāstra, with particular attention to the concepts of the jaṅgama and the iṣṭaliṅga. That the Vīramāheśvaras borrowed many of their formative concepts and practices directly from the Śivadharmaśāstra and other works of the Śaiva Age, I argue, belies the common assumption that Vīraśaivism originated as a social and religious revolution.

scholarly journals Adverse Selection, Heterogeneous Beliefs, and Evolutionary Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Buchen ◽  
Alberto Palermo
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Nonlinear Dynamic System ◽  
Heterogeneous Beliefs ◽  
Evolutionary Learning ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Cobweb Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Learning Set ◽  
Set Up

AbstractWe relax the common assumption of homogeneous beliefs in principal-agent relationships with adverse selection. Principals are competitors in the product market and write contracts also on the base of an expected aggregate. The model is a version of a cobweb model. In an evolutionary learning set-up, which is imitative, principals can have different beliefs about the distribution of agents’ types in the population. The resulting nonlinear dynamic system is studied. Convergence to a uniform belief depends on the relative size of the bias in beliefs.

Reform, corruption, and growth: Why corruption is more devastating in Russia than in China

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intervening Factors

This article explains why massive political corruption appears to be incompatible with economic growth in Russia but compatible with very rapid economic growth in China. The common assumption is that corruption is bad for economic performance. So how can we explain the puzzling contrast between Russia and China? Is Russia being more severely “punished” for its corruption than China? If so, why? This article demonstrates that three intervening factors—comparative advantage, the organization of corruption, and the nature of rents—determines the impact of corruption on economic performance, and that these factors can explain the divergent outcomes. The article thereby offers an alternative to statist explanations of the Russia-China paradox.

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