Student Perceptions of Community: A Different Perspective

NASPA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Clark ◽  
Joan Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research University ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Public Research University ◽  
The Common ◽  
Using Data

The creation of small communities has been proposed as a way of enhancing the educational experience of students at large institutions. Using data from a survey of students living in large and small residences at a public research university, this study does not support the common assumption that small-scale social environments are more conducive to positive community life than large-scale social environments.

scholarly journals Multifractal analysis of radar rainfall fields over the area of Rome

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Calenda ◽  
E. Gorgucci ◽  
F. Napolitano ◽  
A. Novella ◽  
E. Volpi
Keyword(s):  
Scale Invariance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Radar Rainfall ◽  
Invariance Properties ◽  
Meteorological Radar ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract. A scale-invariance analysis of space and time rainfall events monitored by meteorological radar over the area of Rome (Italy) is proposed. The study of the scale-invariance properties of intense precipitation storms, particularly important in flood forecast and risk mitigation, allows to transfer rainfall information from the large scale predictive meteorological models to the small scale hydrological rainfall-runoff models. Precipitation events are monitored using data collected by the polarimetric Doppler radar Polar 55C (ISAC-CNR), located 15 km Southeast from downtown. The meteorological radar provides the estimates of rainfall intensity over an area of about 10 000 km2 at a resolution of 2×2 km2 in space and 5 min in time. Many precipitation events have been observed from autumn 2001 up to now. A scale-invariance analysis is performed on some of these events with the aim at exploring the multifractal properties and at understanding their dependence on the meteorological large-scale conditions.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gases and odour emissions from composting.

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Håkan Jönsson ◽  
Evgheni Ermolaev ◽  
Cecilia Sundberg ◽  
Sven Smårs ◽  
Mikael Pell
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Operation Temperature ◽  
The Common ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
And Performance

Composting is the most widely used biological treatment method for recovering the plant nutrients of organic waste. Composting is an aerobic process and it is well known that mismanagement, e.g. insufficient ventilation, can seriously affect the turnover and performance of the process. The turnover is also strongly inhibited if the operation temperature rises above 40°C before the pH has increased above 6. Such a combination of high temperature and low pH also seriously increases the odour emission potential of the compost operation as the initial high odorous stage is prolonged until the pH increases. When the pH increases beyond 6.5, the odour potential rapidly decreases. The pH development can be accelerated by good cooling and ventilation, and/or by addition of alkaline amendment, e.g. recycling of alkaline compost or addition of wood ash. When the compost is turned, the structure of the compost matrix, and thus the aeration, is improved which decreases odour generation and also the proportion of anaerobic processes and thus the emissions of methane.Studies of food waste home composts show that these have a much higher moisture content (70-80%) compared to what is normally recommended for composting (40-65%). The common assumption has therefore been that methane emissions from home composts are greater than from large scale municipal composts. However, recent studies in both Sweden and Denmark show that the methane emissions from home composts usually are smaller than from large municipal composts. Furthermore, both studies indicate that the emissions seem to increase if the composts are frequently turned, quite contrary to what was expected. The emissions also seem to increase if the feeding is too high. This means that the capacity of the home compost should not be exceeded and that the efforts for its operation can be kept low, as turning does not seem to be an advantage, at least from the point of view of greenhouse gas emissions.

Estimation of Elasticities of Substitution for CES Production Functions using Data on Selected Manufacturing Industries in Pakistan

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Battese ◽  
Sohail J. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Production Functions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Asset Size

Firm-level stochastic CES production functions are specified for large and Small-scale firms in twelve manufacturing industries in Pakistan. Assuming that firms within specified asset-size categories for which aggregative data are available have the same levels of productive inputs, the elasticities of substitution of labour for capital are estimated, using weighted least-squares regression. For large-scale firms, the estimated elasticities are generally not significantly different from one, whereas for small-scale firms the elasticities are significantly smaller than one but greater than zero. These results indicate that there may exist more possibilities for the substitution of labour for capital in manufacturing industries in Pakistan than were claimed by earlier researchers. This finding has important policy implications for Pakistan's economic development.

scholarly journals Measurement of Green Total Factor Productivity on Chinese Pig Breeding: From the Perspective of Regional Differences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Zhong ◽  
Junwei Li ◽  
Dehua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Efficient Frontier ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Main Component

Abstract China has a vast territory and abundant resources, and there are significant differences in the development of pig breeding in different regions. As the main component of Chinese residents’ daily meat consumption, it is of great significance to improve people's living standards and conform to the national sustainable development strategy to raise pork production and reduce pollution emissions. In view of this, based on the minimum distance to weak efficient frontier model, this paper constructs Metafrontier-Malmquist-Luenberger index considering negative output under the common frontier to comprehensively evaluate pig breeding green total factor productivity (PBG). The results manifest that: (1) No matter under the common frontier or the group frontier, PBG presents large temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics. Compared with the eastern region and the central region, the western region has obvious advantages in PBG. (2) PBG has shown a downward trend as a whole, which is mainly due to the technical retrogression. (3) Compared with small-scale and medium-sized PBG, large-scale PBG has apparent superiorities. Based on the above outcomes, combined with the actual situation of China, this paper finally raises policy recommendations for improving PBG.

scholarly journals Sharia Maqashid Index as a measuring performance of Islamic banking: A more holistic approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201
Author(s):  
Sri Hartono ◽  
Agus Sobari
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Due Measure ◽  
Using Data

So far, measurements of financial performance of Islamic banking is still predominantly still used by indicators of financial performance of conventional banking system. Its implication, many stakeholders, especially customers of Islamic banks. For Moslems are difficulty in measuring the benefits of the existence of Islamic banking. It is clearly due measure of success of Islamic banking course will be very different from conventional banking successes. If the benchmarks used today is still conventional, the consequences will be contained incorrect results of performance comparison of Islamic banking and conventional banking. Thus, both of the banking system becomes irrelevant and less apt to be compared directly. The size of Islamic banking performance should not directly benchmarking with conventional banking. It must be linked to the objectives and the establishment of Islamic banking noble intentions, namely to provide human well simultaneously implement the principles contained in sharia maqashid. This research will try to practice the measurement of financial performance based Sharia Maqashid and use it to make comparisons between the performance of the national largest-scale of Islamic commercial banks and regional small-scale of Islamic rural banks (BPR Syariah). This study presented using data from the financial statements of the three Islamic commercial banks and three Islamic rural banks (BPR Syariah). The results showed that the performance of the national largest-scale of Islamic commercial banks and regional small-scale of Islamic rural banks (BPR Syariah), all of them, has no a Sharia Maqashid index whose high value. This shows the inconsistency, that should be, the national largest-scale of Islamic banking to always focus on the muamalah objectives according by sharia. From the comparison of financial performance based on sharia maqashid, it turns out the national large-scale of Islamic commercial banks tend to have a lower index of Sharia Maqashid than the regional small-scale of Islamic rural banks (BPR Syariah).

scholarly journals The influence of weather conditions on breeding dates of the common gull (Larus canus) in the south of Western Siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Garyushkina ◽  
A. K. Yurlov
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Spring Temperatures ◽  
The Common ◽  
Using Data

Aim. The purpose of this research was to find out what local weather factors influence the nesting timing of the common gull (Larus canus). Material and Methods. The time of egg laying by the common gull was determined using data obtained during regular surveys over 8 years (1996‐1998, 2002‐2003, 2006‐2008) on the islands of Lake Bolshie Chany. Weather and climatic factors were assessed using open‐access databases. Results. It was been established that the start of egg‐laying in the colony of the common gull is determined by wind strength, the number of rainy days, the associated atmospheric pressure during the second decade of April, and the air temperature – the transition date at which the average daily air temperature rose above 0°C. In years with unstable spring temperatures, a relationship was revealed between the air temperature and the intensity of egg laying by the common gulls by day. In years when temperatures rise evenly, precipitation and wind speed become the main factors.Conclusion. We conclude that the egg‐laying dates of the common gull is influenced by weather variables during the whole nesting season and not predominantly by early season variables. We also show the importance of large‐scale climatic phenomena such as the EAWR in explaining variability in timing of the nesting of the common gull in Siberia. We suggest that future studies should focus on the effects of extremes in weather variables and global climatic phenomena.

scholarly journals Finescale Structure of the T–S Relation in the Eastern North Atlantic

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ferrari ◽  
K. L. Polzin
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Mesoscale Eddies ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gyre Circulation

Abstract Distributions of temperature (T) and salinity (S) and their relationship in the oceans are the result of a balance between T–S variability generated at the surface by air–sea fluxes and its removal by molecular dissipation. In this paper the role of different motions in setting the cascade of T–S variance to dissipation scales is quantified using data from the North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE). The NATRE observational programs include fine- and microscale measurements and provide a snapshot of T–S variability across a wide range of scales from basin to molecular. It is found that microscale turbulence controls the rate of thermal dissipation in the thermocline. At this level the T–S relation is established through a balance between large-scale advection by the gyre circulation and small-scale turbulence. Further down, at the level of intermediate and Mediterranean waters, mesoscale eddies are the rate-controlling process. The transition between the two regimes is related to the presence of a strong salinity gradient along density surfaces associated with the outflow of Mediterranean waters. Mesoscale eddies stir this gradient and produce a rich filamentation and salinity-compensated temperature inversions: isopycnal stirring and diapycnal mixing are both required to explain the T–S relation at depth.

scholarly journals A Self-Adaptive Method of Multi-scale POI Visualization in Indoor Map

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Yi Xiao ◽  
Tinghua Ai ◽  
Mengying Jiang ◽  
Chen Weng ◽  
Miqi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Indoor Navigation ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Access Path ◽  
Service Information ◽  
The Common

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> As an important representation of LBS (Location Based Service), the indoor map provides users with facility location, indoor navigation, wayfinding and other necessary services. Compared with the common map, the indoor map has characteristics of detailed representation, 3D visualization, and real-time reaction. As far as POI (Point of Interest) representation is concerned, the common urban map just visualizes the location and the basic attribute in a simple way by relatively large scale representation. In the indoor map, however, the POI needs to represent the 3D location (level, longitude, latitude), the access path, and some detailed service information. Take the map of shopping mall as an example, traditionally, some services visualize restaurants that should have been distributed at different layers in a crowding way, with icons touching and overlapping with each other. Therefore, the LOD (level of detail) strategy needs to be applied to obtain adaptive representation for users with different objectives.</p><p>To satisfy the requirements of the new indoor map about POI visualization, this study explores the multi-scale method in 3D indoor mapping. We develop an indoor map which is integrated into an outdoor base map and all the floors of the whole building are stacked vertically. In this way, the problem of icon clustering could be overcome to an extent, POI data are visualized vertically in indoor space, each floor can be taken out like opening a drawer in order to make sure that all the POIs can be seen clearly. We adopt a scale adaptive strategy to visualize POI data in the indoor map. At large scale, the general floor distribution indicating the main function of each floor and functional partition of each floor is represented by different colors. At medium scale, POI data are visualized by simple symbols which can represent basic attribute information. At small scale, detailed service information (e.g., opening hours, number of seats remaining, price range and user ratings of a restaurant) of a POI that users are particularly interested in is described by well-designed map symbols based on the combination of visual variables. In addition, our POI visualization method is user-adaptive. Different data, symbols or color schemes will be shown for users with different age group, gender or purpose of using map. Because this indoor map is adaptive to both scale and user, each scale of the map can provide different map users with decision support from a different perspective.</p>

Twenty-five years of botanical epidemiology

1988 ◽  
Vol 321 (1207) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Logistic Equations ◽  
Botanical Epidemiology ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
The Family ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Contact Distribution ◽  
Models Of Disease

Epidemiological models in plant pathology usually belong to the family of logistic equations, describing the increase in disease intensity with time. Expansion and refinement are possible by applying dynamic simulation techniques on digital computers. Among these are models of disease increase in time and two-dimensional (horizontal) space, and spore dispersal in and over a crop in two-dimensional (vertical) space. Recently, an analytical model was developed by Van den Bosch and co-workers to describe focus expansion in time and two-dimensional (horizontal) space as a function of three biological parameters that were relatively easy to measure: gross reproduction, time kernel, and contact distribution. The model was tested using data from previous experiments not designed for this purpose and from a new experiment specifically designed for validation. The model treats focus expansion as a process with a constant radial velocity and seems valid on a small scale of a few metres and, after rescaling, on a large scale of hundreds of kilometres.

scholarly journals Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (20) ◽  
pp. 5640-5645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nik J. Cunniffe ◽  
Richard C. Cobb ◽  
Ross K. Meentemeyer ◽  
David M. Rizzo ◽  
Christopher A. Gilligan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Sudden Oak Death ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatially Explicit Model ◽  
Dynamic Strategy ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Scale Management

Sudden oak death, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, has killed millions of oak and tanoak in California since its first detection in 1995. Despite some localized small-scale management, there has been no large-scale attempt to slow the spread of the pathogen in California. Here we use a stochastic spatially explicit model parameterized using data on the spread of P. ramorum to investigate whether and how the epidemic can be controlled. We find that slowing the spread of P. ramorum is now not possible, and has been impossible for a number of years. However, despite extensive cryptic (i.e., presymptomatic) infection and frequent long-range transmission, effective exclusion of the pathogen from large parts of the state could, in principle, have been possible were it to have been started by 2002. This is the approximate date by which sufficient knowledge of P. ramorum epidemiology had accumulated for large-scale management to be realistic. The necessary expenditure would have been very large, but could have been greatly reduced by optimizing the radius within which infected sites are treated and careful selection of sites to treat. In particular, we find that a dynamic strategy treating sites on the epidemic wave front leads to optimal performance. We also find that “front loading” the budget, that is, treating very heavily at the start of the management program, would greatly improve control. Our work introduces a framework for quantifying the likelihood of success and risks of failure of management that can be applied to invading pests and pathogens threatening forests worldwide.

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