Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Sapporo criteria for the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are based on the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) and clinical criteria. Although pre-eclampsia, intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), late fetal loss and placental abruption, collectively termed “placenta mediated complications”, are recognized as clinical criteria for the APS, their association with APLA remains controversial.
OBJECTIVE: This review was conducted to evaluate the association between APLA (anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, anti B2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies) and placenta mediated complications in untreated women without autoimmune diseases.
METHODS: We performed a systematic review of published case-control, cohort and cross sectional studies using MEDLINE (1975 to October week 2 2007), EMBASE 16 (1980 to 2007 week 42) and all EBM Reviews (3rd quarter of 2007). For eligible studies, the rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes were compared between patients with and without specific APLA. Pooled odds ratios with 95% CI were generated using random-effects models.
RESULTS: Our search strategy identified 1204 potentially relevant studies. Twenty five were included in the final analysis. Results are outlined in table 1.
CONCLUSION: The association between various APLA and pregnancy complications is for the most part weak and inconsistent. There is currently insufficient data to support a significant link between anti-B2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies and pregnancy morbidity. Caution should be used when establishing a diagnosis of APS based on the presence of any APLA, particularly anti-B2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies, in the setting of late pregnancy complications. Table 1 Association Between APLA and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Pre-eclampsia OR (95%CI) # studies / participants IUGR OR (95%CI) # studies / participants Placental abruption OR (95%CI) # studies / participants Late fetal loss OR (95%CI) # studies / participants LA: Lupus anticoagulant; aCL: Anticardiolipin antibodies; Anti-B2 GP1 antibodies: Anti-B2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies italic characters indicate statistically significant associations LA 2.88 (1.42, 5.87)
 11 / 6085 3.51 (1.38, 8.93)
 4 / 3232 0.78 (0.13, 4.80)
 2 / 226 3.56 (0.12, 106.05)
 3 / 3870 aCL (IgG/IgM) 1.71 (1.09, 2.70)
 21 / 9722 2.31 (0.74, 7.17)
 6 / 5753 1.35 (0.45, 4.02)
 4 / 1274 3.86 (1.14, 13.07)
 7 / 5963 aCL IgG 1.65 (0.84, 3.22)
 15 / 3627 6.16 (2.50, 15.18)
 2 / 1006 1.87 (0.21, 16.83)
 2 / 500 10.06 (0.88, 114.96)
 2 / 1006 aCL IgM 1.36 (0.93, 1.97)
 13 / 5397 0.75 (0.19, 2.93)
 2 / 3002 0.96 (0.24, 3.85)
 2 / 500 1.37 (0.42, 4.46)
 3 / 3212 anti- B2GP1 (IgG/IgM) 2.97 (0.47, 18.69)
 4 / 2225 20.03 (4.59, 87.43)
 1 / 1108 2.64 (0.14, 50.63)
 1 / 510 6.74 (0.24, 191.23)
 3 / 1828 anti- B2GP1 IgG 0.87 (0.38, 2.01)
 2 / 607 N/A
 0 / 0 N/A
 0 / 0 0.52 (0.02, 11.02)
 1 / 212 anti- B2GP1 IgM 0.37 (0.16, 0.85)
 1 / 400 N/A
 0 / 0 N/A
 0 / 0 1.32 (0.24, 7.42)
 1 / 210
A prospective study to assess the association of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency with adverse pregnancy outcomes
