Use of antipsychotics and long-term risk of parkinsonism

Abstract Introduction Few epidemiological studies have assessed the risk of parkinsonisms after prolonged use of neuroleptics. We aimed to examine the long-term risk of degenerative parkinsonisms (DP) associated with previous use of neuroleptics. Methods All residents in Piedmont, Northern-west Italy, older than 39 years (2,526,319 subjects), were retrospectively followed up from 2013 to 2017. Exposure to neuroleptics was assessed through the regional archive of drug prescriptions. The development of DP was assessed using the regional archives of both drug prescriptions and hospital admissions. We excluded prevalent DP cases at baseline as well as those occurred in the first 18 months (short-term risk). The risk of DP associated with previous use of neuroleptics was examined through Cox regression, using a matched cohort design. Results The risk of DP was compared between 63,356 exposed and 316,779 unexposed subjects. A more than threefold higher risk of DP was observed among subjects exposed to antipsychotics, compared to those unexposed (HR = 3.27, 95% CI 3.00–3.57), and was higher for exposure to atypical than typical antipsychotics. The risk decreased after 2 years from therapy cessation but remained significantly elevated (HR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.76–3.21). Conclusions These results indicate a high risk of developing DP long time from the start of use and from the cessation for both typical and atypical neuroleptics, suggesting the need of monitoring treated patients even after long-term use and cessation.

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Spatio-temporal associations of air pollutant concentrations, GP respiratory consultations and respiratory inhaler prescriptions: a 5-year study of primary care in the borough of Lambeth, South London

Environmental Health ◽

10.1186/s12940-021-00730-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mark Ashworth ◽

◽

Antonis Analitis ◽

David Whitney ◽

Evangelia Samoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Respiratory Morbidity ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Spatio Temporal

Abstract Background Although the associations of outdoor air pollution exposure with mortality and hospital admissions are well established, few previous studies have reported on primary care clinical and prescribing data. We assessed the associations of short and long-term pollutant exposures with General Practitioner respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions. Methods Daily primary care data, for 2009–2013, were obtained from Lambeth DataNet (LDN), an anonymised dataset containing coded data from all patients (1.2 million) registered at general practices in Lambeth, an inner-city south London borough. Counts of respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions by day and Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) of residence were constructed. We developed models for predicting daily PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O3 per LSOA. We used spatio-temporal mixed effects zero inflated negative binomial models to investigate the simultaneous short- and long-term effects of exposure to pollutants on the number of events. Results The mean concentrations of NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3 over the study period were 50.7, 21.2, 15.6, and 49.9 μg/m3 respectively, with all pollutants except NO2 having much larger temporal rather than spatial variability. Following short-term exposure increases to PM10, NO2 and PM2.5 the number of consultations and inhaler prescriptions were found to increase, especially for PM10 exposure in children which was associated with increases in daily respiratory consultations of 3.4% and inhaler prescriptions of 0.8%, per PM10 interquartile range (IQR) increase. Associations further increased after adjustment for weekly average exposures, rising to 6.1 and 1.2%, respectively, for weekly average PM10 exposure. In contrast, a short-term increase in O3 exposure was associated with decreased number of respiratory consultations. No association was found between long-term exposures to PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 and number of respiratory consultations. Long-term exposure to NO2 was associated with an increase (8%) in preventer inhaler prescriptions only. Conclusions We found increases in the daily number of GP respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions following short-term increases in exposure to NO2, PM10 and PM2.5. These associations are more pronounced in children and persist for at least a week. The association with long term exposure to NO2 and preventer inhaler prescriptions indicates likely increased chronic respiratory morbidity.

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Methods of long-term and short-term adaptation for biometric image of keystroke dynamics

LAPLAGE EM REVISTA ◽

10.24115/s2446-6220202173d1737p.450-457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3D) ◽

pp. 450-457

Author(s):

Dmitry V. Pashchenko ◽

Dmitry A. Trokoz ◽

Alexey I. Martyshkin ◽

Elena A. Balzannikova

Keyword(s):

Working Capacity ◽

Keystroke Dynamics ◽

Short Term ◽

User Identification ◽

New Device ◽

Short Term Adaptation ◽

Long Time

This article discusses one of the main problems of user identification by keyboard handwriting - short-term changes in the keystroke dynamics of users in connection with its psychophysical state, as well as changes over a long time associated with the formation of keystroke dynamics by a new user or when switching to a new device. A method for determining the phase of working capacity by the time characteristics of the keystroke dynamics is proposed.

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Seasonal temperature variability and emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases: a population-based cohort study

Thorax ◽

10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-211333 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 (10) ◽

pp. 951-958 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Shengzhi Sun ◽

Francine Laden ◽

Jaime E Hart ◽

Hong Qiu ◽

Yan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Temperature Variability ◽

Seasonal Temperature ◽

Short Term ◽

Emergency Hospital ◽

Emergency Hospital Admissions ◽

Mean Temperature

BackgroundClimate change increases global mean temperature and changes short-term (eg, diurnal) and long-term (eg, intraseasonal) temperature variability. Numerous studies have shown that mean temperature and short-term temperature variability are both associated with increased respiratory morbidity or mortality. However, data on the impact of long-term temperature variability are sparse.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the association of intraseasonal temperature variability with respiratory disease hospitalisations among elders.MethodsWe ascertained the first occurrence of emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in a prospective Chinese elderly cohort of 66 820 older people (≥65 years) with 10–13 years of follow-up. We used an ordinary kriging method based on 22 weather monitoring stations in Hong Kong to spatially interpolate daily ambient temperature for each participant’s residential address. Seasonal temperature variability was defined as the SD of daily mean summer (June–August) or winter (December–February) temperatures. We applied Cox proportional hazards regression with time-varying exposure of seasonal temperature variability to respiratory admissions.ResultsDuring the follow-up time, we ascertained 12 689 cases of incident respiratory diseases, of which 6672 were pneumonia and 3075 were COPD. The HRs per 1°C increase in wintertime temperature variability were 1.20 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.32), 1.15 (1.01 to 1.31) and 1.41 (1.15 to 1.71) for total respiratory diseases, pneumonia and COPD, respectively. The associations were not statistically significant for summertime temperature variability.ConclusionWintertime temperature variability was associated with higher risk of incident respiratory diseases.

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Tracing Long- and Short-term Migrants for Participation in Demographic and Epidemiological Studies: Evidence from Senegal

Field Methods ◽

10.1177/1525822x19879892 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 38-57

Author(s):

Mufaro Kanyangarara ◽

Laetitia Douillot ◽

Gilles Pison ◽

Cheikh Tidiane Ndiaye ◽

Valerie Delaunay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Statistical Power ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Short Term ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Contact Information

Migration of participants in demographic and epidemiological studies results in missing data. One approach to reduce resulting losses in statistical power and potential biases is to follow up migrants at their new residence. We describe the follow-up of migrants who were eligible for participation in a trial of a new questionnaire to measure adult mortality in Niakhar, Senegal. We conducted a short inquiry in the migrant’s last known household to obtain contact information and then attempted to contact and interview 661 migrants who resided in Dakar, Mbour, and rural areas close to Niakhar. About two-thirds of migrants were successfully enrolled in the study. Having a contact phone number and knowing the name of the head of compound at destination increased the likelihood of successful enrollment. Following up migrants in demographic studies is feasible in low- and middle-income countries, including long-term migrants who have not been contacted for extended periods of time.

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Simulation of Hydrogen Distribution due to In-Vessel Severe Accident in WWER-1000 NPP Containment: A Comparison of CONTAIN and MELCOR Codes Results

Volume 6B: Thermal-Hydraulics and Safety Analyses ◽

10.1115/icone26-82635 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Omid Noorikalkhoran ◽

Massimiliano Gei

Keyword(s):

Severe Accident ◽

Second Step ◽

Hydrogen Distribution ◽

Short Term ◽

Long Time ◽

Design Basis Accident ◽

Safety Features ◽

Design Pressure ◽

Good Agreement

During a severe accident or Beyond Design Basis Accident (BDBA), the reaction of water with zirconium alloy as fuel clad, radiolysis of water, molten corium-concrete interaction (MCCI) and post-accident corrosion can generate a source of hydrogen. In the present work, hydrogen distribution due to in-vessel reaction (between zircaloy and steam) has been simulated inside a WWER-1000 reactor containment. In the first step, the thermal hydraulic parameters of containment have been simulated for a DECL (Double Ended Cold Leg) accident (DBA phase) in both short and long time and the effects of spray as Engineering Safety Features (ESFs) on mitigating the parameters have been studied. In the second step, it has been assumed that the accident developed into an in-vessel core melting accident. While in pre-phase of core melting (severe accident phase), hydrogen will be produced as a result of zircaloy and steam reaction (BDBA phase), the hydrogen distribution has been simulated for 23 cells inside the reactor containment by using CONTAIN 2.0 (Best estimate code) and MELCOR 1.8.6 codes. Finally, the results have been compared to FSAR results. As it can be seen from the comparisons, both CONTAIN and MELCOR codes can predict the results in good agreement with FSAR (ANGAR code) results. CONTAIN shows peak pressure around 0.36 MPa in short-term and this amount is about 0.38 and 0.4 MPa for MELCOR and ANGAR (FSAR) results respectively. All these values are under design pressure that is around 0.46 MPa. Cell 20 has the maximum mole fraction of hydrogen in long-term about 9.5% while the maximum amount of hydrogen takes place in cell 22. The differences between the results of codes are because of different equations, Models, Numerical methods and assumptions that have been considered by the codes. The simulated Hydrogen Distribution Map (HDM) can be used for upgrading the location of HCAV systems and Hydrogen Mitigator features (like the recombiners and ignitors) inside the containment to reduce the risk of hydrogen explosion.

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24h urinary free cortisol in large-scale epidemiological studies: Short-term and long-term stability and sources of variability

Psychoneuroendocrinology ◽

10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.018 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 10-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Judith G.M. Rosmalen ◽

Ido P. Kema ◽

Stefan Wüst ◽

Claude van der Ley ◽

Sipke T. Visser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Urinary Free Cortisol ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Free Cortisol

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A Canonical Microfunction for Learning Perceptual Invariances

Perception ◽

10.1068/p250207 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 207-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

James V Stone

Keyword(s):

Model Neuron ◽

Learning Rule ◽

Image Sequences ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Short Term ◽

Stereo Disparity ◽

Random Dot Stereograms ◽

Long Time ◽

Generic Strategy

An unsupervised method is presented which permits a set of model neurons, or a microcircuit, to learn low-level vision tasks, such as the extraction of surface depth. Each microcircuit implements a simple, generic strategy which is based on a key assumption: perceptually salient visual invariances, such as surface depth, vary smoothly over time. In the process of learning to extract smoothly varying invariances, each microcircuit maximises a microfunction. This is achieved by means of a learning rule which maximises the long-term variance of the state of a model neuron and simultaneously minimises its short-term variance. The learning rule involves a linear combination of anti-Hebbian and Hebbian weight changes, over short and long time scales, respectively. The method is demonstrated on a hyperacuity task: estimating subpixel stereo disparity from a temporal sequence of random-dot stereograms. After learning, the microcircuit generalises, without additional learning, to previously unseen image sequences. It is proposed that the approach adopted here may be used to define a canonical microfunction, which can be used to learn many perceptually salient invariances.

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Association of adrenal hormone metabolites and mortality over a 6-year follow-up in COPD patients with acute exacerbation

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2017-0873 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 669-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Seline Zurfluh ◽

Manuela Nickler ◽

Manuel Ottiger ◽

Christian Steuer ◽

Alexander Kutz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cox Regression ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Short Term ◽

Therapeutic Implications ◽

Adrenal Hormone ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Long Term Mortality

Abstract Background: The release of hormones from the adrenal gland is vital in acute and chronic illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving recurrent exacerbations. Using a metabolomic approach, we aim to investigate associations of different adrenal hormone metabolites with short- and long-term mortality in COPD patients. Methods: We prospectively followed 172 COPD patients (median age 75 years, 62% male) from a previous Swiss multicenter trial. At baseline, we measured levels of a comprehensive spectrum of adrenal hormone metabolites, including glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and androgen hormones by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS). We calculated Cox regression models adjusted for gender, age, comorbidities and previous corticosteroid therapy. Results: Mortality was 6.4% after 30 days and increased to 61.6% after 6 years. Higher initial androgen hormones predicted lower long-term mortality with significant results for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.70–0.98; p=0.026] and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (adjusted HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.50–0.91; p=0.009). An activation of stress hormones (particularly cortisol and cortisone) showed a time-dependent effect with higher levels pointing towards higher mortality at short term, but lower mortality at long term. Activation of the mineralocorticoid axis tended to be associated with increased short-term mortality (adjusted HR of aldosterone, 2.76; 95% CI, 0.79–9.65; p=0.111). Conclusions: Independent of age, gender, corticosteroid exposure and exacerbation type, adrenal hormones are associated with mortality at short and long term in patients with COPD exacerbation with different time-dependent effects of glucocorticoids, androgens and mineralocorticoids. A better physiopathological understanding of the causality of these effects may have therapeutic implications.

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Ketogenic Diets and Chronic Disease: Weighing the Benefits Against the Risks

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.702802 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Lee Crosby ◽

Brenda Davis ◽

Shivam Joshi ◽

Meghan Jardine ◽

Jennifer Paul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Disease ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Short Term ◽

Chronic Disease Risk ◽

Ketogenic Diets ◽

Low Carbohydrate

Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets have been long been used to reduce seizure frequency and more recently have been promoted for a variety of health conditions, including obesity, diabetes, and liver disease. Ketogenic diets may provide short-term improvement and aid in symptom management for some chronic diseases. Such diets affect diet quality, typically increasing intake of foods linked to chronic disease risk and decreasing intake of foods found to be protective in epidemiological studies. This review examines the effects of ketogenic diets on common chronic diseases, as well as their impact on diet quality and possible risks associated with their use. Given often-temporary improvements, unfavorable effects on dietary intake, and inadequate data demonstrating long-term safety, for most individuals, the risks of ketogenic diets may outweigh the benefits.

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Cognitive impairment associated with COVID-19: a literature review

10.5327/1516-3180.683 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ana Carolina Pereira Garcia ◽

Alice Campos Meneses ◽

Ana Karolinne Cruz Cavalcante ◽

Caroline Rodrigues de Morais ◽

Gabriel Dias Henz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Neuronal Damage ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Neurological Symptoms ◽

Treatment Programs ◽

Short Term ◽

Irreversible Damage

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is capable of causing neurological symptoms of the CNS in addition to respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Early knowledge of the possible cognitive functions compromised by the infection will allow the health system to anticipate and create measures to minimize irreversible damage. Objectives: to analyze the cognitive impairment associated with COVID-19, taking into account its pathophysiological mechanisms and their short and long-term consequences. Methods: Narrative review of 62 articles, based on an active search on the PubMed, Google Scholar, Jama and American Academy of Neurology research platforms. Results: Cognitive impairment can be present both during and after infection. The main risk factors for cognitive impairments in the short term are: other neurological symptoms (headache, anosmia, dysgeusia); diarrhea and oxygen therapy. The main cognitive functions affected were memory, attention, executive functions (mental flexibility) and language (semantic and phonetic fluency) associated with anxiety and depression. The factors that contribute to long-term cognitive decline are: previous cognitive weakness (comorbidities); the inflammatory process of COVID-19 with pulmonary (hypoxia), vascular (ischemia), neurological (neuronal damage) and hospitalization (sedation, isolation, delirium). The hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to coronavirus infections. Conclusion: Short-term and long-term cognitive impairment associated with COVID-19 may be related to the increased likelihood of cognitive impairment, as well as the acceleration of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Follow-up with neuropsychological assessments of these patients and epidemiological studies are necessary to analyze this impact and to create prevention and treatment programs.

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